Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Commonly Used Symbols, Subscripts, and Abbreviations a
	SYMBOLS
	SUBSCRIPTS
	NOTATION
	ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 1
Engine Types and Their Operation
	1.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
	1.2 ENGINE CLASSIFICATIONS
	1.3 ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES
	1.4 ENGINE COMPONENTS
	1.5 MULTICYLINDER ENGINES
	1.6 SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION
	1.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOUR-STROKE SI ENGINES
	1.8 COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE OPERATION
	1.9 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINES
	1.10 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE OPERATION
	1.11 FUELS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2
Engine Design and Operating Parameters
	2.1 IMPORTANT ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS
	2.2 GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES
	2.3 FORCES IN RECIPROCATING MECHANISM
	2.4 BRAKE TORQUE AND POWER
	2.5 INDICATED WORK PER CYCLE
	2.6 MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
	2.7 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
	2.8 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EFFICIENCY
	2.9 AIR/FUEL AND FUEL/AIR RATIOS
	2.10 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
	2.11 SPECIFIC POWER, SPECIFC WEIGHT, AND SPECIFIC VOLUME
	2.12 CORRECTION FACTORS FOR POWER AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
	2.13 SPECIFIC EMISSIONS AND EMISSIONS INDEX
	2.14 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
	2.15 ENGINE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE DATA
	2.16 VEHICLE POWER REQUIREMENTS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3
Thermochemistry of Fuel-Air Mixtures
	3.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF FLAMES
	3.2 IDEAL GAS MODEL
	3.3 COMPOSITION OF AIR AND FUELS
	3.4 COMBUSTION STOICHIOMETRY
	3.5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION c
	3.6 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED TO COMBUSTION
	3.7 CHEMICALLY REACTING GAS MIXTURES
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4
Properties of Working Fluids
	4.1 INTRODUCTION
	4.2 UNBURNED MIXTURE COMPOSITION
	4.3 GAS PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
	4.4 A SIMPLE ANALYTIC IDEAL GAS MODEL
	4.5 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY CHARTS
	4.6 TABLES OF PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION
	4.7 COMPUTER ROUTINES FOR PROPERTY AND COMPOSITION CALCULATIONS
	4.8 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
	4.9 EXHAUST GAS COMPOSITION
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5
Ideal Models of Engine Cycles
	5.1 INTRODUCTION
	5.2 IDEAL MODELS OF ENGINE PROCESSES
	5.3 THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS FOR ENGINE PROCESSES
	5.4 CYCLE ANALYSIS WITH IDEAL GAS WORKING FLUID WITH c v AND c p CONSTANT
	5.5 FUEL-AIR CYCLE ANALYSIS
	5.6 OVEREXPANDED ENGINE CYCLES
	5.7 AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF ENGINE PROCESSES
	5.8 COMPARISON WITH REAL ENGINE CYCLES
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6
Gas Exchange Processes
	6.1 INTAKE AND EXHAUST PROCESSES IN THE FOUR-STROKE CYCLE
	6.2 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
	6.3 FLOW THROUGH VALVES AND PORTS
	6.4 RESIDUAL GAS FRACTION
	6.5 EXHAUST GAS FLOW RATE AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION
	6.6 SCAVENGING IN TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES
	6.7 FLOW THROUGH TWO-STROKE ENGINE PORTS
	6.8 SUPERCHARGING AND TURBOCHARGING
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7
Mixture Preparation in SI Engines
	7.1 SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE MIXTURE REQUIREMENTS
	7.2 FUEL METERING OVERVIEW
	7.3 CENTRAL (THROTTLE-BODY) FUEL INJECTION
	7.4 PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION
	7.5 AIR FLOW PHENOMENA
	7.6 FUEL FLOW PHENOMENA: PORT FUEL INJECTION
	7.7 DIRECT FUEL INJECTION
	7.8 EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSORS
	7.9 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS
	7.10 LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS AND NATURAL GAS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8
Charge Motion within the Cylinder
	8.1 INTAKE-GENERATED FLOWS
	8.2 MEAN VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS
	8.3 SWIRL
	8.4 TUMBLE
	8.5 PISTON-GENERATED FLOWS: SQUISH
	8.6 SWIRL, TUMBLE, SQUISH FLOW INTERACTIONS
	8.7 PRECHAMBER ENGINE FLOWS
	8.8 CREVICE FLOWS AND BLOWBY
	8.9 FLOWS GENERATED BY PISTON CYLINDER-WALL INTERACTION
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9
Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines
	9.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROCESS
	9.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF SI ENGINE COMBUSTION
	9.3 FLAME STRUCTURE AND SPEED
	9.4 CYCLIC VARIATIONS IN COMBUSTION, PARTIAL BURNING, AND MISFIRE
	9.5 SPARK IGNITION
	9.6 ABNORMAL COMBUSTION: SPONTANEOUS IGNITION AND KNOCK
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10
Combustion in Compression-Ignition Engines
	10.1 ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROCESS
	10.2 TYPES OF DIESEL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
	10.3 DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION
	10.4 FUEL SPRAY BEHAVIOR
	10.5 IGNITION DELAY
	10.6 MIXING-CONTROLLED COMBUSTION
	10.7 ALTERNATIVE COMPRESSION-IGNITION COMBUSTION APPROACHES
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11
Pollutant Formation and Control
	11.1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF PROBLEM
	11.2 NITROGEN OXIDES
	11.3 CARBON MONOXIDE
	11.4 HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS
	11.5 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
	11.6 EXHAUST GAS TREATMENT
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12
Engine Heat Transfer
	12.1 IMPORTANCE OF HEAT TRANSFER
	12.2 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
	12.3 HEAT TRANSFER AND ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE
	12.4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
	12.5 RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
	12.6 MEASUREMENTS OF INSTANTANEOUS HEAT-TRANSFER RATES
	12.7 THERMAL LOADING AND COMPONENT TEMPERATURES
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13
Engine Friction and Lubrication
	13.1 BACKGROUND
	13.2 DEFINITIONS
	13.3 FRICTION FUNDAMENTALS
	13.4 MEASUREMENT METHODS
	13.5 ENGINE FRICTION DATA
	13.6 MECHANICAL FRICTION COMPONENTS
	13.7 PUMPING FRICTION
	13.8 ACCESSORY POWER REQUIREMENTS
	13.9 ENGINE FRICTION MODELING
	13.10 OIL CONSUMPTION
	13.11 LUBRICANTS
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 14
Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes
	14.1 PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS
	14.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS FOR AN OPEN THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
	14.3 INTAKE AND EXHAUST FLOW MODELS
	14.4 THERMODYNAMIC-BASED IN-CYLINDER MODELS
	14.5 FLUID-MECHANIC-BASED MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELS
	REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15
Engine Operating Characteristics
	15.1 ENGINE DESIGN OBJECTIVES
	15.2 ENGINE PERFORMANCE
	15.3 OPERATING VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SI ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, AND EMISSIONS
	15.4 SI ENGINE COMBUSTION SYSTEM DESIGN
	15.5 VARIABLES THAT AFFECT DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE, EFFICIENCY, AND EMISSIONS
	15.6 TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES
	15.7 NOISE, VIBRATION, AND HARSHNESS
	15.8 ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND FUELS SUMMARY
	PROBLEMS
	REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
Unit Conversion Factors
APPENDIX B
Ideal Gas Relationships
	B.1 IDEAL GAS LAW
	B.2 THE MOLE
	B.3 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
	B.4 MIXTURES OF IDEAL GASES
APPENDIX C
Equations for Fluid Flow through a Restriction
	C.1 LIQUID FLOW
	C.2 GAS FLOW
	REFERENCES
APPENDIX D
Data on Working Fluids
Index