Interfacial Phenomena in Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction—Interfaces in Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding
	1 Social Background of Research on Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding
	2 Interphase in Adhesive Bonding
	3 Testing of Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding
	4 Multiscale and Hierarchical Structures in the Interphase and Interfacial Region in Adhesive Bonding
	5 Visualization and Analysis of Interphases in Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding
	References
Electron Microscopy for Visualization of Interfaces in Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding
	1 Instrumentation of Electron Microscopy
	2 Analytical Electron Microscopy—EDX and EELS
	3 Specimen Preparation
		3.1 Preparation of Thin Sections by Ultramicrotomy
		3.2 Staining
		3.3 Focused Ion Beam Fabrication (FIB)
		3.4 Surface Replica
	4 EFTEM
		4.1 Electron Spectroscopic Imaging (ESI) and Parallel EELS
		4.2 Elemental Mapping and Image-EELS
	5 STEM
		5.1 Spectrum Imaging (SI) with Simultaneous EELS and EDX
		5.2 ELNES Phase Mapping
		5.3 Tomography and 3D Elemental Mapping
	6 SEM
		6.1 Energy-Filtered SE Imaging
		6.2 Correlative Raman Imaging and SEM
	7 In Situ TEM
	8 Specimen Damages by Electron Beam Irradiation
		8.1 Mass Loss in Polymer Thin Sections
		8.2 Chemical Damages of Polymers Evaluated by ELNES
		8.3 Electron-Induced Contamination
	9 Conclusions
	References
Interfacial Phenomena in Adhesion and Adhesive Bonding Investigated by Electron Microscopy
	1 Visualization of Homopolymer/Random Copolymer Interfaces by EFTEM
	2 Thermodynamic Acceleration of Interdiffusion in Miscible Polymer Pairs
	3 Role of Interfacial Entanglements on Interfacial Toughness Studied by Nanofractography
		3.1 Interfacial Thickness and Toughness in PMMA/SAN Interfaces
		3.2 Interfacial Entanglements at PS/PS Welded Interfaces
		3.3 Mechanism of Low-Temperature Bonding of VUV-Activated COP
	4 Adhesive Bonding by Surface and Interface Modifications of Polypropylene—Effect of Chemical Bonding and Mechanical Interlocking
	5 Formation of the Interphase Between Aluminum and Polypropylene—The Role of Reactive Functionality on Metal Bonding
		5.1 Bonding Mechanism Investigated by Replica-STEM Tomography
		5.2 Mechanism of Interphase Formation
	6 Mechanism of Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum Alloys Studied by STEM-EELS/ELNES
		6.1 Mechanism of Steam Treatment in Improving Adhesion Bonding of Aluminum
		6.2 Role of the Chemical Bonding on Interfacial Toughness Between Aluminum and Epoxy Adhesive
	7 Metal–plastic Direct Bonding by Injection Nano-Molding—Interfacial Structures and Testing Joint Performance
	8 Toughness and Durability of Interfaces in Dissimilar Adhesive Joints of Aluminum and Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics
		8.1 Evaluation of Interfacial Fracture Toughness by ADCB Test
		8.2 Evaluation of Durability of Adhesive Interfaces Under High Humidity Environment by Wedge Test
		8.3 Stress-Induced Corrosion at Adhesive Interfaces
	9 Concluding Remark
	References
Direct Visualization of Mechanical Behavior During Adhesive Bonding Failure Using Mechanoluminescence (ML)
	1 Introduction of Mechanoluminescence—Materials, Sensor and Sensing Concept
	2 Mechanoluminescence (ML) Technology—Visualization of the Dynamic Strain Information
		2.1 Mechanoluminescence (ML) Materials
		2.2 Mechanoluminescence (ML) Sensors
	3 Killer Application of Mechanoluminescence 1: Detection of Crack and Defects in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
		3.1 Mechanoluminescence (ML) Detection of the Origin to Deduce the Integrity
		3.2 Mechanoluminescence (ML) Sensing in Real Infrastructures
		3.3 Visualization of Repair Effect Using Mechanoluminescence (ML)
	4 Killer Application of Mechanoluminescence 2: Innovation in Design and Prediction
		4.1 Mechanoluminescence (ML) Sensing in CFRP Composite Material
		4.2 Simulation Sophistication Using Mechanoluminescence (ML)
	5 Mechanoluminescent (ML) Visualization in the Evaluation of Adhesive Joint
		5.1 Fracture Toughness for Crack Propagation
		5.2 Tensile Shear Strength (TSS) Test of Adhesive Joint
		5.3 Cross-Tension Strength (CTS) Test of Adhesive Joint
		5.4 Mapping of Weak Bond and Local Fracture Toughness
	6 New Challenge for the Invisible Information on the Lightweight Structure
		6.1 Toward the Appropriate Choice of Joints in the Multi-material Concept
		6.2 Static Electricity in Light Weighting Structure
	7 Concluding Remark
	References
Analysis of Molecular Surface/Interfacial Layer by Sum-Frequency Generation (SFG) Spectroscopy
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Theory for Surface/Interface Sum-Frequency Generation
	3 Experimental Equipment
		3.1 General Description of the Experimental Equipment
		3.2 SFG Spectroscopy with Narrowband Input
		3.3 SFG Spectroscopy with a Broadband Input
		3.4 Doubly-Resonant Sum-Frequency Generation Spectrometer
		3.5 Experimental Conditions for Polymeric Material Surfaces and Adhesive Interfaces
	4 Applications of SFG Spectroscopy to Study Polymeric Materials Surfaces and Interfaces
		4.1 Chemical Structure of Adherent Surfaces
	5 Investigation of Buried Polymer/polymer Interfaces
	6 Probing Adhesive Interfaces
		6.1 Polyurethane Adhesives
		6.2 Silyl-Terminated Polyether Adhesives
	7 Metal/polymer Interfaces
	8 Bio-adhesive Interfaces
	9 Molecular Conformation at the Liquid Interfaces
	10 Molecular Conformation at the Organic Device Interfaces
	11 Comprehensive Study of Adhesive Interfaces Combining SFG with Other Techniques
		11.1 Acid–Base Interaction at the Epoxy Adhesive/AlOx Interface
		11.2 Formation of Covalent Bonds
		11.3 Ordering of Functional Group at AlOx Interface
		11.4 Interaction Between Surface O–H Bonds and Adsorbates
	12 Summary and Outlook
	References