Intelligent Solutions for Smart Grids and Smart Cities: Select Proceedings of IPECS 2022

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Challenges and Solutions for Grid Integration
Objectives and Constraints for Optimal Allocation of Distributed Energy Sources—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Goals for Optimal DGA
		2.1 Minimization of Power Loss
		2.2 Improvement of Voltage Profile
	3 Goals with Financial Concerns
		3.1 Energy Production Maximisation and Efficiency
		3.2 Minimization of Cost and Maximisation of Profit
	4 Multi-objective Optimization
		4.1 Single/Blended Multi-objective Functions
		4.2 List-Based Multi-objective Function
		4.3 Financials with Multi-objective Functions
	5 Limitations for Optimal DGA
		5.1 Active Power: Load-Flow/Generation
		5.2 Reactive Power: Load-Flow/Generation
		5.3 Voltage: Profile/Steps/Angle
		5.4 Line Constraints
		5.5 Transformer Constraints
		5.6 SCR/SCL
		5.7 Power Constraints
		5.8 DG Quantity Constraints
	References
Design, Implementation, and Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic System Efficiency with Cooling System and Mechanical Tracking
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Proposed System
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Analysis of Small PV-Hydro-Turbine Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 Hybrid Power System Design Using HOMER PRO for Grid-Connected Hydro-Turbine-PV System
	3 Hybrid Power System Design for Hydro-Turbine-PV System Using MATLAB
	4 Analysis of Hydro-Turbine PV System Integrated to Grid
		4.1 Different Modes of Operation
		4.2 DC-Link Voltage Selection
	5 Conclusion
	References
Control of Grid-Tied Solar Battery System with Irradiance-Based MPPT
	1 Introduction
	2 Design
		2.1 Design of Photovoltaic Battery Energy Storage System
		2.2 Design of DC Bus Voltage and Capacitance
		2.3 Design of LCL Filter
	3 Control Algorithm
		3.1 Boost Converter Control
		3.2 Bidirectional Converter Control
		3.3 Voltage Source Inverter Control
	4 Conclusions
	References
High Step-Up DC–DC Converter with Quartic Voltage Gain
	1 Introduction
	2 Circuit Description
	3 Operating Principle of C4BC
	4 Voltage Gain and Design Details of C4BC
		4.1 Voltage Gain
		4.2 Switch Ratings
		4.3 Diode Ratings
		4.4 Design of Passive Elements
	5 Simulation Results and Inference
	6 Conclusion
	References
Design and Simulation of Coupled Inductor-Based Asymmetric High Gain Multi-input DC–DC Converters
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Converters
		2.1 Converter 1
		2.2 Converter 2
		2.3 Converter 3
	3 Multi-input Converters
		3.1 High Gain Multi-input Converter 1 (MIC 1)
		3.2 High Gain Multi-input Converter 2 (MIC 2)
		3.3 High Gain Multi-input Converter 3 (MIC 3)
		3.4 High Gain Multi-input Converter 4 (MIC 4)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Generation Control with HVDC Tielink in Multi-area Power System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Optimization Algorithm
		1.2 Conventional HVDC Tieline
		1.3 Inertia Emulation Control Strategy(INEC)
	2 HVDC Tielink Modeling for AGC
		2.1 Traditional Model of HVDC Tieline
		2.2 Suggested Model of HVDC Links
		2.3 Design of Synchronization Coefficient of Tieline
	3 Inertia Emulation Control for HVDC Tielink in LFC
		3.1 Modeling of INEC Strategy for HVDC Link
	4 System Modeling Using AC–HVDC Tielink
		4.1 Block Diagram of the Two Area LFC System
		4.2 Simulink Model of the System
	5 Simulation Results and Discussions
		5.1 Dynamic Performance Under Fixed Loading Condition
		5.2 Dynamic Performance Under Different Loading Condition
		5.3 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	7 Appendix
	References
A Droop Controller-Based Active Power Sharing of Multi Inverter-Based Islanded Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Inverter Controls
		2.1 Control Architecture
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Demand-Side Management and Compensation Using Electric Spring Considering Electric Vehicle as a Critical Load
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Control Methodology for Electric Spring
		3.1 The Proposed Strategy
		3.2 Fundamental Active Current Detection Algorithm
	4 Simulation Model
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Enhanced Smart Grid Resilience Using Autonomous EV Charging Station
	1 Introduction
	2 Working of Autonomous Charging Station with Intelligent Control
		2.1 Anomaly Detection in EVSE Using ANN
		2.2 Autonomous Operation of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Using Droop Control
	3 Modeling and Simulation of EVSE with Intelligent Controller
		3.1 Training and Validation of EVSE Intelligent Controller
		3.2 Modeling and Control of Charging Station Connected to Utility Grid
	4 ANN-Based Intelligently Controlled EVSE with Autonomous Operation Capability
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Adaptive Multiple-Step Size Incremental Conductance MPPT Algorithm with Zero Oscillation for Solar PV Applications
	1  Introduction
	2 Adaptive Multiple-Step Size Zero Oscillation Inc MPPT Algorithm
	3 Simulation and Analysis
	4 Result and Analysis of AMSS-ZOInc MPPT Algorithm
	5 Conclusion
	References
High Impedance Fault Arc Modeling—A Review
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Modeling of Arc Fault
	2 Types of HIF Models
		2.1 Emanuel Arc Model
		2.2 Mayr’s Model
		2.3 HIF Model in ATP-EMTP
		2.4 HIF Model Using MODELS
		2.5 HIF Model Based on TVS and TACS
		2.6 HIF Model with a Fixed Resistor
		2.7 HIF Model with Surge Arrestors
		2.8 Capacitor Switching
		2.9 Kizilcay’s Model
		2.10 Non-arcing Disturbances in the Power System
		2.11 Nonlinear Impedance Model
		2.12 High Impedance Arc Model with TVS and TCS
		2.13 HIF Model with Various TCS
		2.14 Representation of TACS Controlled Model
		2.15 HIF Model of the Two-Variable Resistors
		2.16 Differential Equation-Based HIF Model
		2.17 TACS and FORTRAN-Based HIF Model
		2.18 Fixed-Resistance Model of HIF
		2.19 HIF Model Based on Several Emanuel Arc Models
	3 Conclusion
	References
Non-isolated DC-DC Converter with High Voltage Gain for DC Grid
	1 Introduction
	2 Circuit Diagram
	3 Principle of Operation
		3.1  Mode 1
		3.2 Mode 2
	4  Voltage Gain
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Implementation of Single-Phase ZSI with LC Filter for PV Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 PV Fed ZSI
	3 Filter Design
	4 Simulation Outputs and Analysis
	5 Field Programmable Gate Array Logic
	6 Hardware Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Applications of Al/Ml in Power Systems
Fractional Order PID Controller for AGC in Multi-area Power Systems Along with Renewable Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 Automatic Generation Control
		2.1 Mathematical Modeling of Generator
		2.2 Mathematical Modeling of Load
		2.3 Mathematical Modeling of Turbine
		2.4 Mathematical Modeling of Tie Line
		2.5 Mathematical Modeling of PV System
	3 Fractional Order Systems
	4 Optimization Methods
		4.1 Genetic Algorithm (GA)
		4.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Summation of Squared Three-Phase Current-Based Fault Detection in Transmission Lines
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation and Literature Review
		1.2 Objective and Scope of the Work
		1.3 Organisation of Paper
	2 New Fault Detection Method
		2.1 Block Diagram
		2.2 Method of Operation
	3 Performance Analysis
	4 Comparative Assessment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Prediction of Solar Radiation Using Machine Learning Algorithms
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Machine Learning
		1.2 Artificial Neural Network
		1.3 Analysis
		1.4 Parameters for Evaluation
	2 Results and Discussion
	3 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Study of Load Forecasting Techniques in Smart Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (Arima) for Smart Grid
	3 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for Smart Grid
	4 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for Smart Grid
	5 Simulation and Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Developments in Electricvehicle
Design and Analysis of a Partially Solar Powered Tricycle
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Model
	3 Hardware Design and Selection
		3.1 Selection of Motor
		3.2 Selection of Battery
		3.3 Selection of Solar PV Panel
		3.4 Selection of Chassis, Shaft, and Sprocket
	4 Assembling, Testing, and Analysis
		4.1 Motor Kit Assembling and Speed Variation
		4.2 Performance of Solar Panel and Charge Controller
		4.3 Static Analysis of Chassis
		4.4 CFD Analysis
		4.5 Product Assembling
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Study on Regenerative Braking of Electric Vehicles Using Short Circuit Switching Strategy
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed System of EV Drive Train
	3 Dynamic Modeling of PMSM
	4 Short Circuit Switching Scheme (SCSS) for Regenerative Braking
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
FOC of PMSM Employed with BDC for EV Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed System
	3 D-Q Modeling of PMSM
	4 Field Oriented Control (FOC)
	5 Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter (BDC)
	6 Gating Controller
	7 Simulation and Results
	8 Conclusion
	References
Model Predictive Control-Based Trajectory Generation and Tracking of an Electric Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description
	3 Path Planning by upper A Superscript asteriskA* Algorithm
	4 Mathematical Model of the Vehicle
	5 Model Predictive Control Module for Predicting Trajectory
	6 Optimal Weight Selection
	7 Simulation Results
	8 Conclusions
	References
Functional Safety Design and ISO26262 Compliance for BMS in EV and HEV
	1 Introduction
	2 Main Functions of BMS
	3 Item Definition for BMS
	4 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
	5 Safety Goals
	6 Summary of ISO26262 Process Workflow—Concept Phase
	7 Hardware Integrity Metrics
	8 Functional Safety Concepts in BMS
		8.1 Functional Safety Concept to Disconnect DC-Link
	9 Conclusion
	References
Comprehensive Review on the Developments in Battery/Supercapacitor-Based Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Electric Vehicle Simulation Strategies
		2.1 Backward Simulation Approach
		2.2 Forward Simulation Approach
		2.3 Applications of Simulation Approaches from Literatures
	3 Hybrid Energy Storage System
	4 Hybrid Energy Storage System Topologies
	5 Hybrid Energy Storage Management Algorithms
		5.1 Rule-Based Energy Management Algorithm
		5.2 Frequency-Based Energy Management Algorithm
		5.3 Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management Algorithm
		5.4 Optimization-Based Energy Management Algorithm
		5.5 Neural Network-Based Energy Management Algorithm
		5.6 Novel Combinations of Different Energy Management Algorithm
	6 Conclusion
	References
Simulation Study on Use of Droop Control Method to Integrate Multiple Energy Sources to Drive an Electric Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Various Control Strategies
	3 Proposed Model and Droop Control Methodology
		3.1 Sources of Power
		3.2 System Specifications
		3.3 Droop Control Algorithm and Parallel Operation
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimized Power Balancing for a Solar Based Electric Vehicle Charging Station Using State Flow Method
	1 Introduction
	2 State Flow-Based Energy Management System for EV
		2.1 Energy Management System (EMS)
		2.2 State Flow Modelling of the System
	3 Simulation Results and Analysis
		3.1 Mode 1-Standalone Mode—When Solar PV is Available, and SoC is 20%
		3.2 Mode 2-Grid Connected Mode—When the Solar PV is Available, and Battery SoC is 90%
		3.3 Mode 3-Motoring Mode-When the EV is Cruising
	4 Conclusion
	References
SOC Estimation of Li-Ion Battery Using Hybrid Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
	1 Introduction
	2 SOC Estimation Technique
	3 Proposed Methods
		3.1 SOC Estimation Using ANN
		3.2 SOC Estimation Using ANFIS
		3.3 SOC Estimation Using Hybrid Method
	4 Simulation Establishment and Result Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Instrumentation and Control
An Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Quadrotor UAV
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model
		2.1 Linear Equation of Motion
		2.2 Rotational Dynamics
		2.3 Control Inputs
	3 Control Scheme
		3.1 Sliding Mode Control
		3.2 Design of Attitude Control System
		3.3 Design of Position Control System
		3.4 Lyapunov Stability
		3.5 Fuzzy Gain Scheduling
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Step Response of Attitude Control System
		4.2 Response of Position Control System
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Autonomous Guided Precision Landing on Planetary Bodies: A Case Study on Mars and Titan Missions
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Overview
		2.1 Viking
		2.2 Mars Science Laboratory
		2.3 Cassini-Huygens
	3 Precision Landing
		3.1 Mars 2020
		3.2 Titan Precision Landing Parafoil
		3.3 Challenges
		3.4 Advantages
	4 Entry, Descent and Landing Technologies
	5 Reference Missions
		5.1 Mars Landing—MSL and MARS 2020
		5.2 Titan Landing-Precision Aerial Delivery System
	6 Conclusions
	References
Design of an Intelligent Controller in Multi-levels for Control of Generating Voltage and Frequency, Locating Faults and Detection of Power Quality Issues
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 System Description
	4 Matlab Model for Fault Detection and Frequency Control
	5 Matlab Model for AVR with Fuzzy Controller
	6 Matlab Model for AVR with PID Controller
	7 Matlab Model for Detection of Power Quality Issues
	8 Simulation Results
		8.1 Fault Detection Using Wavelet Transform
		8.2 Frequency Control
		8.3 AVR Model (Fuzzy and PID)
		8.4 Fuzzy Based PQ Issues Detection
	9 Results and Discussions
	10 Conclusion
	References
Advancement in Power Semiconductor Drives
Comparative Study of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter Topologies
	1 Introduction
	2 Traditional Multilevel Inverter Topologies
		2.1 Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter (NPC-MLI)
		2.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter (FC-MLI)
		2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHB-MLI)
	3 Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter Topologies
		3.1 Series Connected Switched Sources (SCSS) MLI
		3.2 Semi-cascaded Multilevel Inverter
		3.3 Topology Developed in [8]
		3.4 Transistor Clamped Multilevel Inverter (TC-MLI)
		3.5 Topology Developed in [11]
		3.6 Switched Series/Parallel DC (SSDC) MLI
		3.7 Envelope Type (E-Type) MLI
		3.8 Topology Developed in [14]
		3.9 Topology Developed in [15]
		3.10 Modified Cascaded Multilevel Grid-Connected Inverter (MCM-GCI)
		3.11 Topology Developed in [17]
		3.12 Single Phase Infinite Level (SILI) MLI
	4 Comparative Analysis of MLI Topologies
	5 Conclusion
	References
Economic and Sustainable Design of Smart Cities
An Oligopoly Model-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Architectures —A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Peer-to-Peer Architectures
		2.1 Cournot Model
		2.2 Bertrand Model
		2.3 Supply Function Model
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Efficiency Analysis of Quadratic Boost Converter Fed LED Drivers for Street Lighting
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of Operation of LED Drivers
		2.1 QBC Based LED Driver
		2.2 Low Buffer QBC Based LED Driver
		2.3 Two-Switches QBC Based LED Driver
	3 Design of Inductor and Capacitor Elements for LED Drivers
		3.1 Design of Inductors and Capacitors for QBC LED Driver
		3.2 Design of Low Buffer QBC LED Driver Elements
		3.3 Design of Inductors and Capacitors for Two Switches Based QBC LED Driver
	4 Efficiency Calculation of LED Drivers
		4.1 Power Losses of Switches (Psc)
		4.2 Power Losses of Diodes (PDT)
		4.3 Power Losses in Inductors
		4.4 Power Losses in Capacitors
	5 Simulation and Hardware Results
		5.1 Calculation and Comparison of Efficiency
	6 Conclusion
	References