Intelligent Secure Trustable Things

Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
Introduction
Going to the Edge: Bringing Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Together
	1 Introduction
	2 Objectives
	3 Trustworthiness
	4 Building on a Sound Basis
	5 Driven Through Industrial Applications
	6 Building Technology for Intelligent, Secure, Trustworthy Things
	7 Reference Architecture for Trustworthy AIoT
	8 Summary
	References
The Development of Ethical and Trustworthy AI Systems Requires Appropriate Human-Systems Integration
	1 Is Trustworthiness of AI a Problem?
	2 Current Initiatives to Address Trustworthiness of AI
		2.1 Guidelines and Regulations
		2.2 Implementation Support
		2.3 Observed Gaps in Current Initiatives
	3 From Technology-Centered to Human-Centered Development of Smart Technologies
		3.1 Orchestrating the Development of Ethical and Trustworthy AI
	4 Conclusions
	References
The InSecTT Reference Architecture
	1 Introduction
	2 AI in IoT Architectures
	3 Overview of the InSecTT Architecture
		3.1 Evolution of the Bubble
		3.2 Modern Reference Architectures
	4 Entity Model
	5 Layered Model
		5.1 Level 0
		5.2 Level 1
		5.3 Level 2
		5.4 Hardware Interfaces
	6 Domain Model
	7 Functionality Model
		7.1 SW Interfaces
	8 Information Model
	9 AI Perspective of the Architecture
	10 Example Use Cases Alignment
		10.1 Overview
		10.2 Entity Model
		10.3 Functionality model
		10.4 Interfaces
		10.5 General Project Overview for Architecture Alignment
	References
Structuring the Technology Landscape for Successful Innovation in AIoT
	1 Motivation
	2 How to Structure Research and Development to Enact an Ambitious Project Vision
	3 Requirements and Constraints
	4 Requirement Engineering Process
	5 Navigating the Landscape: Planning R&D Work
	6 External Alignment
	7 Documenting Scope, Work and Results
	8 Progress Assessment and Validation
	9 Demonstrators
	10 Preparing for Market: Exploitation
	11 InSecTT Exploitation Board (EB)
	12 Use Case Marketplace
	13 Open Innovation
	14 Publications to Prepare Markets
	15 Website and Social Networks
	16 Industrial Conferences, Trade Fairs and Podcasts
Technology Development
InSecTT Technologies  for the Enhancement of Industrial Security and Safety
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Industrial Automation and Control Systems
	3 Selected InSecTT Technologies Targeting Security  and Safety
		3.1 Access Control and Authentication Infrastructure
		3.2 Intrusion Detection Systems
		3.3 Tools, Simulators and Datasets
		3.4 Safety and Security Analysis for AGV Platooning
	4 Novelty and Applicability of Proposed Technologies
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Algorithmic and Implementation-Based Threats for the Security of Embedded Machine Learning Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Threat Models
		2.1 Formalism
		2.2 Adversarial Objectives
		2.3 The System Under Attack
		2.4 Knowledge and Capacity of an Adversary
		2.5 Attack Surface
	3 A Panorama of Algorithmic Attacks
		3.1 Confidentiality and Privacy Threats
		3.2 Integrity-Based Attacks
		3.3 Availability
	4 A Focus on Physical Attacks
		4.1 Model Extraction Based on Side-Channel Analysis
		4.2 Weight-Based Adversarial Attacks
	5 Protecting ML System
		5.1 Embedded Authentication Mechanism
		5.2 Main Defenses Against Algorithmic Attacks
		5.3 Countermeasures Against Physical Attacks
	6 Conclusion
	References
Explainable Anomaly Detection  of 12-Lead ECG Signals Using  Denoising Autoencoder
	1 Introduction
	2 Anomaly Detection and Explainability in Deep Learning
	3 Denosisng Autoencoder as an Explainable Anomaly Detection Model for ECGs
		3.1 ECG Data Sets
		3.2 Model Architecture and Training
		3.3 Results of Denoising and the Exploration of the Latent Space
	4 Cloud-Based Service and Visualization of Explainable Anomaly Detection on ECGs
	5 Conclusion
	References
Indoor Navigation with a Smartphone
	1 Introduction
	2 Encoding Information in QR
	3 Navigation
	4 Local to Global Coordinates
	5 Triage
	6 Future Work
	7 Conclusions
	References
Reconfigurable Antennas for Trustable Things
	1 Introduction
	2 Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array Radiator Antenna for Trustable Things
		2.1 Concept
		2.2 Design
		2.3 Realization
	3 Applications
		3.1 Direction of Arrival Estimation
		3.2 Power Pattern Cross-Correlation Algorithm
		3.3 Interpolation-Based Estimation
		3.4 Multiplane Calibration for 2D DoA Estimation
		3.5 DoA-Based Object Positioning
		3.6 Single-Anchor Positioning System
		3.7 Calibration-Free Indoor Localization
		3.8 Other Applications
	References
AI-Enhanced Connection Management for Cellular Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Data Rate Estimation
		2.2 Interface Selection
	3 Use Case and Research Challenge
	4 Data Collection and Analysis
	5 Uplink Data Rate Estimation
	6 Interface Decision
	7 Conclusion
	References
Vehicle Communication Platform to Anything-VehicleCAPTAIN
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 VehicleCAPTAIN—A V2X Platform for Research and Development
		3.1 The Platform
		3.2 Message Library
		3.3 ROS2 Support
	4 Verification
		4.1 Test Methodology
		4.2 Results
		4.3 Discussion
	5 Key Performance Indicators
		5.1 Use Cases Within InSecTT
		5.2 Use Cases Within the Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH
	6 Conclusion
	References
AI-Enhanced UWB-Based Localisation in Wireless Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Method Overview
	3 AI for Solving UWB-Based Localisation Challenges
		3.1 Localisation Challenges
		3.2 AI Algorithms in UWB-Based Localisation Systems
	4 Overview of Related Work
	5 Application Example
		5.1 KNN for LOS/NLOS Detection
		5.2 KNN for Error Mitigation and Trustworthiness
	6 Conclusion
	References
Industrial Applications
Approaches for Automating Cybersecurity Testing of Connected Vehicles
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art and Related Work
	3 Automotive Cybersecurtiy Lifecycle Management
		3.1 Threat Modeling
	4 Cybersecurity Testing
		4.1 Learning-Based Testing
		4.2 Model-Based Test Case Generation
		4.3 Testing Platform
		4.4 Automated Test Execution
		4.5 Fuzzing
	5 Conclusion
	References
Solar-Based Energy Harvesting and Low-Power Wireless Networks
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Solar-Based Energy Harvesting
	2 Low-Power Network Protocols
		2.1 Bluetooth Low Energy
		2.2 IEEE 802.15.4 and Thread
		2.3 EPhESOS Protocol
		2.4 UWB Localisation
	3 Power Consumption in Different Scenarios
		3.1 Measurement Setup and Hardware
		3.2 Power Consumption with Increasing Update Period
	4 Available Energy in Real-World Scenarios
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Location Awareness in HealthCare
	1 Terminology and Technology
		1.1 Positioning, Localization, Tracking and Navigation
		1.2 RF-Based Indoor Localization Technologies
		1.3 Non-RF Based Localization Technologies
	2 Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR)
	3 Others
		3.1 Outdoor Localization Technologies
		3.2 Technology Overview
	4 Designing an End-To-End IoT Solution
		4.1 Commissioning
		4.2 Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
		4.3 Battery Lifetime
		4.4 Going from Indoor to Outdoor
		4.5 APIs for Location Services
		4.6 Visualizing on a Map
		4.7 Security and Privacy Aspects
	5 Healthcare Use-Cases
		5.1 Asset Tracking
		5.2 Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)
		5.3 Bed Management
		5.4 Hospital Wayfinding
	6 Use-Case Concept Demonstrator
		6.1 Architecture
		6.2 GeoJSON Server
		6.3 Client Authentication
		6.4 FHIR Compatibility
		6.5 Location and Privacy
		6.6 Additional Features
	7 Conclusions/Next Steps
	References
Driver Distraction Detection Using Artificial Intelligence and Smart Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Definitions and Background
	3 System Design
	4 Machine Learning-Based Components
		4.1 Use Case Definition and Components\' Architecture
		4.2 Data Acquisition and Pre-processing
		4.3 Machine Learning Model Training and Experimental Results
		4.4 Model Deployment on Smart Devices
	5 Dashboard Application for Driver Distraction
	6 Related Work
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Working with AIoT Solutions in Embedded Software Applications. Recommendations, Guidelines, and Lessons Learned
	1 Introduction
	2 Project Description and Goals
	3 Project Design
	4 Machine Learning in Embedded Systems
	5 Communication Platform
		5.1 Design Layout
		5.2 Message Queuing with RabbitMQ
		5.3 Inter-Process Messaging
	6 Data Extraction
	7 Training Data Set and Model
		7.1 Design Stage 1
		7.2 Design Stage 2
		7.3 Alternative Model Setup
	8 Cloud or Edge?
	9 Security
	10 Conclusion
	Appendix A
	Appendix B
	References
Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications
	1 Introduction
	2 Use Case Objectives
	3 Link Between Scenarios and Building Blocks
	4 State of the Art
	5 AI/IoT Added Value
	6 Scenarios
		6.1 Scenario 1: Interference Detection and Cancellation
		6.2 Scenario 2: Verification and Validation of WAICs
		6.3 Scenario 3: Battery-Less Devices
	7 Performance Evaluation
		7.1 Propagation Channel Modelling
		7.2 MIMO in Aeronauics
		7.3 Wireless Measurements
		7.4 Single and Multiple Link Results
		7.5 Active Flow Control Simulation with Jamming Interference and Node Misbehaviour
	8 Conclusions
	References
Use of Artificial Intelligence as an Enabler for the Implementation of ETCS L3 and Other Innovative Rail Services
	1 Introduction (INDRA)
	2 The Use Cases (INDRA)
		2.1 T5.7 Intelligent Transportation for Smart Cities
		2.2 T5.8 Intelligent Automation Services for Smart Transportation
	3 The Platform (INDRA, JIG)
	4 Relevant AI Enablers Developed (INDRA)
		4.1 AI Mechanisms for T2X Communications Systems (INDRA, EPS-MU, MTU)
		4.2 AI Mechanisms for Train Positioning System (INDRA, UPM)
		4.3 AI Mechanisms for Train Integrity System (INDRA, UPM)
		4.4 AI Mechanisms for Object Detection System for Railways (INDRA, UPM)
		4.5 AI Mechanisms for Adaptative Coupling Distance Control (INDRA, UPM)
		4.6 Security Mechanisms in IoT Deployments in the Railway Domain (UPM)
	5 Conclusions (INDRA)
	References
Innovative Solutions for Maritime Infrastructures Monitoring and Protection
	1 Introduction
	2 Underwater Technologies for Monitoring Maritime Infrastructures
	3 Securing Ports from Seaside: Developing an Underwater Access Control System to Monitor and Prevent Unauthorized Entry
		3.1 A Cost-Effective and Adaptable Underwater Barrier Based on Acoustic and Magnetic Sensors
		3.2 A Software Defined Networking for Wireless Communication in Harbour Infrastructures
	4 Smart Communication Node
	5 Reliability Module: An SDN-Based Approach for Reliable Wireless Communication
	6 Security Module: A Network Intrusion Detection System for Wireless SDN Networks
	7 Conclusions
	References
Security of Wireless IoT in Smart Manufacturing: Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures
	1 Smart Manufacturing Systems
	2 Current Smart Manufacturing Systems and Practices
	3 Challenges of Smart Manufacturing
	4 Smart Manufacturing Vulnerabilities and Attacks
		4.1 Perception/Physical Layer Attacks
		4.2 Network Layer Attacks
		4.3 Application Layer Attacks
	5 Security Solutions for Smart Manufacturing
		5.1 Perception/Physical Layer Security
		5.2 Network Layer Security
		5.3 Application Layer Security
	6 Approaches from Recent Studies for Cyber-Security in Manufacturing
		6.1 Radio Jamming Attack
		6.2 Deauthentication Attack
	7 Conclusion
	References