Intelligent Manufacturing and Mechatronics: Proceedings of SympoSIMM 2020

Preface
Organization
	Organizing Committee
	Patron
	Advisor
	Chairman
	Deputy Chairman
	Secretary
	Treasurer
	Promotion and Website
	Technical and Proceedings
	Certificate and Souvenir
	Parallel Session Managers
Contents
Intelligent Manufacturing and Artificial Intelligence
Roof Re-measurement in Building Works Using Un-manned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Application System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	References
An Overview of Multi-Core Network-on-Chip System to Enable Task Parallelization Using Intelligent Adaptive Arbitration
	1 Introduction
	2 Network-on-Chip Topology
	3 NoC Examples
		3.1 ÆTHEREAL NoC
		3.2 Nostrum
		3.3 SPIN
		3.4 CHAIN
		3.5 MANGO
		3.6 XPIPES
	4 Design of Masters to Exhibit Synchronization and Task Parallelism
		4.1 DType Master
		4.2 DR Type Master
		4.3 NDRType Master (Nd for not Dependent)
	5 Intelligent Adaptive Arbitration Algorithm
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Prototype Design for Rubik’s Cube Solver
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Mind Cuber [2]
		2.2 JPBrown’s CubeSolver [2]
		2.3 GoCube [2]
		2.4 MIT Rubik’s Cube Solver [2]
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Rack and Pinion
		3.2 Logitech C270 Webcam
		3.3 Kociemba Algorithm
		3.4 Raspberry Pi 3B+ 
	4 Experimental Result and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Automatic People Counting System Using Aerial Image Captured by Drone for Event Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or Drones
		2.2 Image Acquisition
		2.3 Image Processing
		2.4 Otsu Thresholding Method
		2.5 Manual Thresholding Method
		2.6 Gaussian Filter
		2.7 Classification of Accuracy (Automated People Counting Method)
		2.8 System Development of GUI
		2.9 System Configuration for Real-Time Development
	3 Results
		3.1 Segmentation of Image Based on the HSV Colour Model
		3.2 Segmentation of Image Based on the RGB Colour Model
		3.3 Comparison Between Otsu Thresholding and Manual Thresholding
		3.4 Gaussian Filter
		3.5 Classification of Accuracy
		3.6 The System of GUI for People Counting System
		3.7 The Results of Proposed Automated People Counting
	4 Conclusions
	References
Automatic Counting of Palm Oil Tree Using Satellite Aerial Imagery
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Image Processing
		2.2 Counting Process
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Segmentation of Image
		3.2 Counting Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Diagnosis of Heart Disease Using Machine Learning Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 Data Extraction
		2.2 Data Visualization
		2.3 Data Pre-processing
		2.4 Feature Selection
		2.5 Machine Learning Algorithms
		2.6 Performance Evaluation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Investigation of Geomorphological Features of Kerian River Using Satellite Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Features of Kerian River
		2.1 Agricultural Plains Along Kerian River
		2.2 The Mouth of Kerian River
		2.3 Flood Prone Areas
	3 Discussion on Soil Erosion
	4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Review on the Potential of a Tidal Energy Harnessing System in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Existing Tidal Energy Harnessing System
	3 Potential Tidal System Location in Malaysia and Discussion
		3.1 Peninsular Malaysia
		3.2 Sarawak
		3.3 Sabah
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Experimental Study of Deep Learning Approach for Indoor Positioning System Using WI-FI System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Related Work
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Pre-processing Data
		2.3 Deep Learning
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Raw Data
		3.2 Propagation Model
		3.3 Distance Error
	4 Conclusion
	References
Defect Factor Analysis Using Statistical Process Control Analysis: A Case Study in Spices Defected Packaging Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Calculating Percentage of Defects
		4.2 Calculating Central Line (CL)
		4.3 Calculating Upper Control Limit (UCL)
		4.4 Calculating Lower Control Limit (UCL)
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Design of Step – Cone Pulley Problem Using the Bees Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 The Bees Algorithm
		2.1 Bees in Nature
		2.2 The Bees Algorithm
	3 Stepped Cone Pulley Problem
	4 Methods
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Results
		5.2 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Adapting Travelling Salesmen Problem for Real-Time UAS Path Planning Using Genetic Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Predicting the Cycle Time at a Production Line Through the Development of the 3-3-1 Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Networks with Formulated Momentum Rate
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Internet of Things Security: Modelling Smart Industrial Thermostat for Threat Vectors and Common Vulnerabilities
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Related Work
	4 Identifying IoT Security Risks: IoT Threat Surface
		4.1 Modeling IoT Security Based on STRIDE Framework
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Single Channel Magnetic Induction Measurement for Meningitis Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Physiology of Meningitis
		2.1 Brain Structure
		2.2 Meningitis Affection
		2.3 Electrical Properties of Biological Tissues
	3 Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT)
		3.1 Fundamental of Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT)
		3.2 Principle Operation of Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT)
	4 Hardware and Measurement
		4.1 Sample Preparation
		4.2 Data Collection with MIT Hardware
		4.3 Data Accuracy
	5 Result
		5.1 Hardware and Measurement Result
		5.2 Data Accuracy
	6 Conclusion
	References
Reconstruction of Patient-Specific Cerebral Aneurysm Model Through Image Segmentation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Obstacle Avoiding 4-Legged Mobile Robot Using 4-Bar Mechanism
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Hardware Selection
		2.2 Conceptual Design
		2.3 Electronic Circuit Development
		2.4 Software Development
	3 Results
		3.1 Prototype
		3.2 Speed of the Robot
		3.3 Power Consumption
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of a Simple Pole Climbing Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 Robot Design
		2.1 Selected Materials
		2.2 Conceptual Design
		2.3 Control Strategy of the Robot
		2.4 Climbing Robot Behavior
		2.5 Experiment Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results
		3.2 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Improving the Infant-Wrap (InfaWrap) Device for Neonates Using MyI-Wrap Mobile Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design and Development of the InfaWrap Device
		2.2 Design and Development of MyI-Wrap Mobile Application
	3 Results
		3.1 InfaWrap Device Components
		3.2 MyI-Wrap Mobile Application
		3.3 Implementation of MyI-Wrap Mobile Application
		3.4 Advantage Using MyI-Wrap Mobile Application
	4 Discussions
		4.1 Accuracy Test Output Data for 2 Hours
		4.2 MIT Apps Inventor
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research Objective in Assembly Line Balancing Problem: A Short Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Assembly Line Balancing Basic
	3 Research Objective Studied in ALBP
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis on Weighted Average Between Features in Dictionary Learning and Sparse Representation Algorithms for Low-Resolution Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Construction of LR Image Patches
		2.2 Feature Extraction
		2.3 Weighted Average
		2.4 Dictionary Learning and Sparse Representation Algorithms
		2.5 Final Image
		2.6 Evaluation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion and Future Development
	References
Bees Algorithm with Integration of Probabilistic Models for Global Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Proposed Algorithm
		2.2 Testing with Benchmark Test Function
		2.3 Compare with the Standard Bees Algorithm
		2.4 Application in Engineering Design Optimization Problems
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Benchmark Test Functions
		3.2 Pressure Vessel Design Optimization Problem
	4 Conclusion
	References
Machining Technology
Tribological Performance of Palm Stearin in Cold Forging Test Using Aluminum Alloy 6061
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental and Method
		2.1 Test Materials
		2.2 Experimental Method
		2.3 Finite Element Method
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Calibration Prediction Curve Friction
		3.2 Surface Roughness and Observation on the Ring
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effects of Surfactant Concentration in the New Bio-based Nanolubricants for Machining of Inconel 718
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
		2.1 Preparation of Bio-based Nanolubricants
		2.2 CNC Machines, Turning Inserts and Workpiece Material
		2.3 Lubricating Condition and Cutting Parameters
		2.4 Experimental Measurement Procedure
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 The Effects of Surfactant Content on the Tool Wear and Surface Roughness
		3.2 The Effects of Surfactant Content on Cutting and Spindle Power
	4 Conclusion
	Reference
Evaluation of Coated Carbide Drills When Drilling Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Alloys with Minimum Quantity Nano-lubricants
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Preparation of Nanolubricants
		2.2 Drilling Experimental Setup
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Tool Wear Growth
		3.2 Thrust Force Development
		3.3 Thrust Force Development
		3.4 Surface Roughness
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optimisation of Process Parameters in Plastic Injection Moulding Simulation for Blower Impeller’s Fan Using Response Surface Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Setup: 3-Dimensional Model Development
		2.2 Design of Experiment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 3D Surface Model Graph
		3.2 Optimisation of Process Parameters
		3.3 Validation of Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Simulation Based Optimization of Shrinkage in Injection Molding Process for Lamp Holder via Taguchi Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 3D Model and Meshed Model
		2.2 Material Selection
		2.3 Design of Numerical Experiment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Simulation Analysis
		3.2 Main Effect Analysis
		3.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
		3.4 Verification Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Parameters of Electrical Discharge Coatings on the Tool Electrode Erosion and Maximum Height Roughness on NiTi Alloy
	1 Introduction
	2 Material, Equipment and Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Recast Layer Formation
		3.2 Material Loss Weight of Tool Electrode
		3.3 Maximum Height of Roughness, Rz
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Stacking Sequence Strategy in Drilling Hybrid Materials of Aluminum Alloy
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Details
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analysis of Thrust Force/Torque Variation
		3.2 Analysis of Surface Roughness (Ra)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Improvement on the Surface Quality in Machining of Aluminum Alloy Involving Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Setup and Machining Conditions
		2.2 Nanofluid Preparation
		2.3 Surface Roughness and Holes Quality
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Tool Wear
		3.2 Hole Diameter and Deviation
		3.3 Circularity (Roundness)
		3.4 Cylindricity
		3.5 Surface Roughness
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study on the Effect of Hybrid Nanolubricant on Cutting Energy During Turning of Inconel 718 Under Minimum Quantity Lubricant Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Hybrid Nanolubricant
		2.2 Workpiece Material, CNC Machines, and Turning Inserts
		2.3 Cutting Parameters and Lubricating Condition
		2.4 Experimental Measurement Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effects of Cutting Parameters on the Cutting Energy
		3.2 Effects of Cutting Parameters on the Cutting Energy
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Coco Amido Propyl Betaine (CAPB) on Thermal Conductivity of Bio-Based Hybrid Nanolubricant
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Hybrid Nanolubricant
		2.2 Experimental Measurement Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Hybrid Nanolubricants on Stability Under Different Nanoparticle Concentration
		3.2 Effect of Hybrid Nanolubricants on Thermal Conductivity of Under Different Nanoparticle Concentration
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study the Effect of Different Drilling Methods on Hole Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Roughness of AISI 1045 Steel
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Hole Dimensional Accuracy Measurement
		2.2 Surface Roughness Measurement
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Hole Dimensional Accuracy
		3.2 Surface Roughness
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Different Cutting Conditions on Tool Wear and Chip Formation in Drilling of Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Works
		2.1 Preparation of Nano Lubrication
		2.2 Machining Setup and Data Collection
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Tool Wear
		3.2 Chip Formation Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study the Effect of Cutting Parameter in Machining Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials Using DOE
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials Preparation
		2.2 Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
		2.3 Design of Experiment Set Up
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Surface Roughness
		3.2 Delamination
		3.3 Confirmation Test for Surface Roughness and Delamination
	4 Conclusion
	References
Machining of Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum (CoCrMo) Alloys: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum (CoCrMo)
	3 Machining of Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum Alloys
	4 Cutting Conditions in Machining of CoCrMo Alloys
	5 Tool Material Selection in Machining of CoCrMo Alloys
	6 Conclusion
	References
Machinability of Nickel Titanium Shape Memory Alloys: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Issues and Challenges in Machinability of NiTi Alloys
		2.1 Tool Wear
		2.2 Machined Surface Quality
		2.3 Phase Transformation
		2.4 Cutting Force
	3 Conclusion
	References
Instrumentation and Control System
Fault Detection Filter Design and State-Feedback Controller Design for Antenna Azimuth Position Control System
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Position Control System
		2.1 State Space Model of Antenna PCS
		2.2 State-Feedback Controller Design
		2.3 Fault Detection Filter Design
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Employing RFID with NUC140VE3CN Development Board for Automated Garage System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Hardware Description
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Smart Kitchen Model Using Nuvotun Development Board
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sliding Mode Control with Tanh Function for Quadrotor UAV Altitude and Attitude Stabilization
	1 Introduction
	2 Quadrotor Systems Modelling
		2.1 Quadrotor Description
		2.2 Quadrotor Dynamic Model
		2.3 Quadrotor State Space Representation
	3 Control Design Formulation for Attitude and Altitude Controller System
		3.1 Stability Analysis
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Intraocular MEMS Capacitive Pressure Sensor
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 MEMS IOP Sensor
	3 Analysis of Capacitive Sensor and Finite Element Method (FEM)
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
IC Engine Ignition Timing Controller Feature Extraction of Knocking Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experiment Setup
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Flex Force Smart Glove for Therapy Treatment Using Arduino and Raspberry Pi
	1 Introduction
	2 Hardware Description
		2.1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 2 GB RAM
		2.2 Arduino Mega 2560
		2.3 Flexible Bend Sensors
	3 System Design
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Cross-Platform Appliance Management and Remote-Control Mobile Application Using REST API Communication
	1 Introduction
	2 System Design Development
		2.1 Cross-Platform Mobile Application
		2.2 Database Server
		2.3 Raspberry Pi 4
	3 Communication Interfaces
	4 Hardware Systems
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Future Feature and Improvements
	7 Conclusion
	References
Hybrid Design of Model Reference Adaptive Controller and PID Controller for Lower Limb Exoskeleton Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Modelling of RLLE
		2.1 RLLE Structure
		2.2 DC Motor Model
		2.3 Model Reference of RLLE
	3 Controller Design
		3.1 PID Controller
		3.2 Model Reference Adaptive Controller
		3.3 MRAC-PID Control
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Nature Driven IOT Based Automation of Aquaponic System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Integration an Aquaponic System with IoT
		2.2 Design Automation Aquaponic Process
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Setup for Automation of Aquaponic System
		3.2 Setup for Automation of Aqaponic System
		3.3 Control and Monitoring System of Aquaponic
	4 Conclusion
	References
Implementation of PID Controller for Solar Tracking System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Mechanical and Design
Analysis of Vibration for Grass Trimmer
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Hand-arm Vibration (HAV)
		2.2 Vibration Isolation
		2.3 Health Effect of Vibration
	3 Material and Methods
		3.1 Grass trimmer Description
		3.2 Vibrometer
		3.3 Rubber Mount
		3.4 Design of Handle
		3.5 Measurement of Vibration Level using Vibrometer
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Vibration Measurement for Engine
		4.2 Vibration Measurement for Handle
	5 Conclusion
	References
Acoustical Analysis and Optimization for Micro-Perforated Panel Sound Absorber
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Two-Microphone Impedance Tube
		2.2 Sound Absorption Coefficient Measurement Setup
		2.3 Firefly Algorithm
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Sound Absorption Coefficient of MPP Sound Absorber
		3.2 Firefly Algorithm (FA)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Rehabilitation Progress of Arm VR Game Based on Hand Trajectory
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodologies
		2.1 VR Games Rehabilitation
		2.2 Data Collections
		2.3 Data Processing
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development and Design Humidity Controller for Hybrid Refrigerator System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Development of Hybrid Refrigerator
		2.2 Input–Output Response of Hybrid Refrigerator
		2.3 Design of Controller for Hybrid Refrigerator
		2.4 Performance of Controller
	3 Results
		3.1 Input–Output Analysis of Hybrid Refrigerator
		3.2 Humidity Response of Hybrid Refrigerator
		3.3 Controller Design
		3.4 Performance of Controller
	4 Conclusion
	References
Fabrication of Parallel Ankle Rehabilitation Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Project Workflow
		2.2 Design the Model Using Solidworks Software
		2.3 Construct the Hardware
		2.4 Phases to Construct the Hardware
		2.5 Operation Setup
		2.6 Mechanical Setup
		2.7 Mechanical Setup
		2.8 Model Testing
	3 Result
		3.1 Analysis Rotation of Stepper Motor
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Fragility Curve of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Different Height Based on Dynamic Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Models of Designed Frame Structure
		2.2 Selection and Scaling of Ground Motion
		2.3 Development of Non-linear IDA Curves
		2.4 Development of Fragility Curves
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 IDA Curves
		3.2 Fragility Curves
	4 Conclusions
	References
Evaluate the Performance of Regular and Irregular Shape of Building Based on Dynamic Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Structural Model
		2.2 Design Load
		2.3 Wind Load
		2.4 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Performance of Concrete Gravity Dam with Different Height of Dam and Water Level Under Seismic Loadings
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Heat Level Mode in Vapour Phase Soldering Using Lead-Free Solder Paste for Surface Mount Technology: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamental of Vapour Phase Soldering (VPS)
	3 Heat Level Mode
	4 Comparison of Vapour Phase Soldering with Other Methods
	5 Modelling of Vapour Phase Soldering
	6 Experimental Investigation of Vapour Phase Soldering
	7 Conclusion
	References
Mechanical Design and Analysis of Safety Medical Syringe for Needlestick Injury Prevention
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 User Needs Identification
		2.2 Product Design Specifications
		2.3 Three-Dimensional Modelling and Product Fabrication
		2.4 Finite Element Analysis Pre-processing Settings
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Stress Analysis Results
		3.2 Usability Testing Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Twisted Blades Distributor Towards Low Pressure Drop in Fluidization Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Swirling Fluidized Bed
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Distributor Configuration in Swirling Fluidized Bed
		2.2 Simulation and Modelling
		2.3 Governing Equation
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Twisted Blade Distributor on Velocity Distribution
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Short Review on Multi-stage Application in Fluidization Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Swirling Fluidized Bed
	2 Multi-stage Fluidized Bed
		2.1 Configuration in Multi-stage Fluidized Bed
	3 Multi-stage Swirling Fluidized Bed
		3.1 Influence of Multi-stage in a Swirling Fluidized Bed
	4 Conclusion
	References
Computation Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Airflow Ventilation System in 3D Indoor Mushroom Cultivation House Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Surface Inclination to Knee Joint Contact Force: A Pilot Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Subject
		2.2 Equipment
		2.3 Experiment Protocol
	3 Result
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design Optimization of Formula Student Car Steering Knuckle
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Optimization
		2.2 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
		2.3 Material Selection
		2.4 Grid Independence Test
		2.5 Static Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Strain Energy Distribution Load
		3.2 Equivalent (Von Mises) Stress
		3.3 Knuckle Deformation
		3.4 Weight Reduction
	4 Conclusion
	References
Dielectric and Colorimetric Analysis on Thermal Degradation of Cooking Oil
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Sample Preparation
		2.3 Dielectric Measurement
		2.4 Colorimetric Measurement
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Dielectric Properties of Cooking Oils
		3.2 Differential Evolution Feature and Majority Voting Fusion
		3.3 Colorimetry of Cooking Oil
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Mechanical Analysis on a Compact Bicycle Loader for a Small Cubic Centimeter Motorcycle
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Modelling
		2.2 Mechanical Analysis
		2.3 Fluid-Flow Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Stress Distribution
		3.2 Fatigue Analysis Results
		3.3 Fluid-Flow Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Materials and Processing
Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Blended PVOH/Kenaf Reinforced Starch Composite for Future Packaging Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Materials
		2.2 Mixing
		2.3 Solution Casting
		2.4 Testile Properties and Morphological Test
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Tensile Testing
		3.2 Morphological Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Characterization and Properties of PP/NBRv/Kenaf Fibre Composites with Silane Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Material and Samples Preparation
		2.2 Tensile Properties and Morphological Studies
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Tensile Testing
		3.2 Morphological Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Characterization and Properties of PP/NBRr/Kenaf Composites with PPMAH Compatibilizer
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Preparation of the Composites
		2.3 Testing and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Tensile Properties
		3.2 Morphological Study
	4 Conclusion
	Reference
Characterization and Properties of Pp/Nbrr/Kenaf Composites with Epoxy Resin Compatibilizer
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Materials preparation
		2.2 Composite Fabrication
		2.3 Testing and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Mechanical Properties
		3.2 Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) Analysis
		3.3 Swelling Test
	4 Conclusion
	Reference
Characterization of PP/NBRr/Kenaf Composites with and Without NaOH Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods.
		2.1 Materials Preparation
		2.2 Composite Preparation
		2.3 Testing and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of B-Segment SUV Rear Door Interior Trim Fixture for 2500 Ton Injection Moulding Machine
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of NaOH Treatment of Cellulosic Lipstick Palm Fiber on Tensile and Fiber-Matrix Interfacial Strength with Phenolic Resin
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 Preparation of Alkali-Treated LP Fiber
		2.2 Tensile Testing
		2.3 Interfacial Shear Stress
		2.4 Morphology and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Tensile Testing
		3.2 Interfacial Shear Stress
		3.3 Morphology and EDX
	4 Conclusions
	References
Drop Weight Impact Testing on Plant Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix: A Short Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Parameters on Drop Weight Impact
		2.1 Effect of Fabrication Method
		2.2 Effect of Impactor Incidence Angle and Geometry
	3 Analysis of LVI
		3.1 Characteristic of After Impact Damage
		3.2 Force–Time Graph
		3.3 Force–Displacement Graph
	4 Conclusion
	References
Application of Differential Evolution (DE) Optimization Method in CNC Turning Process for Surface Roughness
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multi Response Optimization of Injection Molding Parameters for Artificial Phalanx Bone Using Response Surface Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 3D Model Development and Meshed Model
		2.2 Material Selection
		2.3 Design of Numerical Experiment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Central Composite Design
		3.2 Regression Model and ANOVA Analysis
		3.3 Effect of Factors to the Model Response
		3.4 Optimization of Injection Molding Parameters
		3.5 Validation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Rare-Earth Element (REE) – Based Anodic Coating on Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Corrosion Resistance
		3.2 Morphology Surface Analysis
		3.3 Elemental Composition Analysis
		3.4 Surface Roughness
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance of Heavy Metal Potentiostat for Batik Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Design of HMstat
		1.2 Experimental Setup
	2 Results and Discussion
		2.1 Accuracy Performance of HMstat
		2.2 Heavy Metal Detection Test
	3 Conclusion
	References
Synthesis of ZnO Nanorod Using Hydrothermal Technique for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Samples
		2.2 Preparation of Seeding and Growth ZnO Nanorods
		2.3 Preparations of Full Assembly
		2.4 Characterization Techniques
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Morphological Analysis and Phase Identification of Copper Oxide Doped Silicone Oxide (CuO/SiO)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 XRD Analysis
		3.2 SEM Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Study Between TPU Flexible and Soft Epoxy Resin Materials on Development of Heart Model for CardioVASS Device
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 3D Printer Setup
		2.2 The Preparation of the Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU Flexible) Material
		2.3 The Preparation of the Soft Epoxy Resin Material
		2.4 Experimental Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Tensile Test Results for the TPU Flex and the Soft Epoxy Resin Material
		3.2 The Development of the Heart Model using the TPU Flexible and Soft Epoxy Resin Material for the Medical Training Purpose
	4 Conclusions
	References
Thermal Properties of the Graphene Oxide (GO) Reinforced Epoxy Composites (Thermal Adhesive Liquid Type): Application of Thermal Interface Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Preparation of the Graphene Epoxy Composites
		2.2 Characterization and Measurement
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of ZnO-B2O3-SiO2 (ZBS) Glass Additives to the Properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 Electroceramic
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Polyaniline-Graphene Nanoplatelets (PANI/GNPs-DBSA) Based Nanocomposites Enhancing the Electrical Conductivity
	1 Brief on PANI/GNPs-DBSA
	2 Effects of PANI/GNPs in Electrical Conductivity
	3 Effects of PANI-DBSA Powder in Electrical Conductivity
	4 Influencing Factor Effecting PANI/GNPs-DBSA Enhancing Electrical Conductivity
	5 Application, Advantages and Disadvantages
	6 Conclusion
	References
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Implementation in ZrO2 Particles Reinforced Aluminium Chips by Hot Equal Channel Pressing (ECAP)
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Design of Experiment (DOE)e
		3.2 Yield Strength Test
		3.3 Hardness Test
		3.4 Density Test
		3.5 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
		3.6 Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Synthesizing and Optimization the Hydroxyapatite Based on Corbiculacea Seashells
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Performance of RBD Palm Oil Dielectric Fluid in Comparison with Kerosene in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Experiment Method
	3 Responses
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Material Removal Rate of RBD Palm Oil
	5 Viscosity of RBD Palm Oil
	6 Comparison with Kerosene
	7 Surface Topography
	8 Conclusion
	References
Polylactic Acid (PLA) Bio-Composite Film Reinforced with Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Napier Fibers
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Preparation of Nanocrystalline Cellulose
		2.3 Preparation of Biocomposites Films
		2.4 Film Characterization Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 XRD Analysis of the PLA/NCC Biocomposites Films
		3.2 FTIR
		3.3 Moisture Absorption Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Printing Temperature and Layer Thickness of Polymeric Scaffold on Bioactivity for Bone Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of the Physical Properties on the Fabricated Biopolymer Scaffold
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Porosity Result Based on Various Parameter.
		3.2 Percentage Contribution Parameter on Porosity 3D Printed Scaffold
		3.3 Statistical Result of Best Combination Parameter on Porosity 3D Printed Scaffold
		3.4 Dimensional Error of 3D Printed Scaffold
		3.5 Percentage Contribution of Parameter on Pore Size 3D Printed Scaffold
		3.6 Statistical Result of Best Combination Parameter on Pore Size 3D Printed Scaffold
	4 Conclusion
	References
Parameter Optimization of Sintering Ti-6Al-7Nb Powder for the Minimum Shrinkage and the Highest Surface Roughness Using Taguchi Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Shrinkage Test Result
		3.2 Surface Roughness Result
		3.3 Confirmation Test Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Ergonomics, Logistic Management and Energy Management
Assessment of a Self-sustaining Drainage Ditch: Water Quality Monitoring and Sampling
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Point Location of Sampling
		2.2 Laboratory Testing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Ammoniacal Nitrogen
		3.2 pH Value
		3.3 Dissolve Oxygen (DO)
		3.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand
		3.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
	4 Results and Discussion
	References
Public Perception and Acceptance of Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA)
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study to Asses Environmental Knowledge of Homeowner Behaviors Towards Their Lawn
	1 First Section
		1.1 Water Quality and Sustainability
		1.2 Public Perception Toward Environmental Knowledge
		1.3 Water Supply and Safety Towards Environmental
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Current Scenario of Homeowner Habit Toward Lawn Management
		3.2 Knowledge from The Homeowner Toward Lawn Management
		3.3 Level of Awareness of Homeowner Toward Water Sustainability
	4 Conclusion
	References
Preliminary Analysis of Human Behaviors Based on Buss-Perry Questionnaire Score for Designing Measures of Aggression
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodologies
		3.1 Buss-Perry Questionnaire (BPQ) [11]
		3.2 Measuring Buss-Perry Aggressive Index (BPAI)
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Results and Discussion
	References
A Literature Review on Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Among Industrial Workers in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Online Database
		2.2 Data Classification
	3 Results
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Green Micro-grid Based on PV/WT Hybrid System for Remote and Rural Population in Iraq: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Details of Selected Rural Region
		2.1 Location and Population
		2.2 House Load Analysis
		2.3 Opportunities and Potential of Renewable Energy
	3 Contributions
	4 Cost Modelling
	5 System Components
		5.1 PV Panels
		5.2 Wind Turbines
		5.3 Batteries
		5.4 Converters
	6 Scenario
	7 Results and Discussions
		7.1 Energy Yield Analysis
		7.2 Excess Electricity
		7.3 Economic Yield Analysis
	8 Conclusion
	References
Factors Affecting Blockchain in Fruit Retail Market: An Unveiling Myth of Blockchain
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Existence of Fruit Blockchain
	2 Research Gaps/Problems
	3 Outline
	4 Literature Review
	5 Theory
		5.1 Hypothesis
		5.2 Theoretical Framework
	6 Methods
	7 Discussion
	8 Result
	9 Conclusion and Implications
	10 Limitations
	Appendix A
	References
Blockchain-Based Smart Inventory
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Inventory and Traceability Application
	4 Big Data for Inventory and Supply Chain Management
	5 Research Question
	6 Industry Revolution
	7 Conceptual Framework
	8 Research Process
	9 Research Hypotheses
	10 To the Body of Knowledge
	11 Novel Theories/New Findings/knowledge
	12 Conclusion
	References
The Influence of Grasping Technique and Arm Posture on Shooting Performance in Traditional Archery
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Subject
		2.2 Equipment
		2.3 Experimental Protocol
		2.4 Data Analysis
		2.5 Statistical Data Analysis
	3 Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Strength and Conditioning Trainings on Lower Limb Muscles Activity of High-Jumping Athletes
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Equipment
		2.3 Experiment Protocol
		2.4 Data Analysis
		2.5 Statistical Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Bicep Femoris Muscle
		3.2 Rectus Femoris Muscle
	4 Conclusion
	References
Ergonomics Study on Visual Contribution of Postural Stability Using Physio-Treadmill (PhyMill) for Kid with Cerebral Palsy
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Ergonomics Visualisation
		2.2 Physiotherapy-Treadmill (PhyMill) for Kid with Cerebral Palsy
		2.3 Participant
		2.4 Procedure
	3 Results
		3.1 Stability Posture During Wearing Harness
		3.2 Posture During Sitting on Harness
		3.3 Posture During Standing on PhyMill
		3.4 Posture During Walking Forward and Backward
		3.5 Posture During Walking on PhyMill
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Occupational Accident in Malaysian Manufacturing Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Occupational Safety and Health of Malaysian Manufacturing Industry
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Muscle Fatigue Assessment Using Multi-sensing Based on Electrical, Mechanical and Acoustic Properties
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Electromyogram (EMG)
		1.2 Mechanomyogram (MMG)
		1.3 Acousticmyogram (AMG)
		1.4 Multi-sensing Technique
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Test Subject
		2.2 Experiment Setup
		2.3 Protocol
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Minimal Muscle Stress
		3.2 Moderate Muscle Fatigue
		3.3 Severe Muscle Fatigue
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Effects of Temperature, pH and Moisture Exposure on Human Hair
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Collecting Hair Samples
		2.2 Hair Treatment: Temperature
		2.3 Hair Treatment: PH
		2.4 Hair Treatment: Moisture
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Hair Treatment: Temperature
		3.2 Hair Treatment: pH
		3.3 Hair Treatment: Moisture
	4 Conclusion
	References
Modelling and Simulation
Modelling and Simulation of DC-DC Buck Converter for Pedal Assisted Electric Bicycle Using Matlab/Simulink
	1 Introduction
	2 Open Loop Simulation Modelling
		2.1 Mathematical Model of a DC-DC Buck Converter
		2.2 Mathematical Model of a DC Motor
		2.3 Mathematical Model of an Open Loop PAB System
	3 Simulation and Results
		3.1 Simulation Result of a DC-DC Buck Converter
		3.2 Simulation Result of a DC Motor
		3.3 Simulation Result of an Open Loop PAB System
	4 Comparative Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
Phyton-Based Smart Algorithm for 3 × 3 Rubik’s Cube Solver
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Kociemba Program [3]
		2.2 Cubestorm V3—Genius World Record (Fastest Rubik’s Cube Solver) [3]
		2.3 Colour Contour Technique in OpenCV [3]
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Start
		3.2 Solve
		3.3 Calibrate
	4 Experimental Result and Discussions
		4.1 Experiment
		4.2 Hardware
		4.3 Software
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development a Cost-Effective Impedance Tube for Sound Transmission Loss Measurement
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Impedance Tube
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Cut-Off Frequency
		2.2 Impedance Tube Development
		2.3 Test Specimens
		2.4 Impedance Tube Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Mathematical Modelling Development of Sound Transmission Loss for Laminated Glass Using Response Surface Methodology
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Flowchart
		2.2 Specimen Specification
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 STL Experimental Measurement
		3.2 Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) Model in Prediction Tool Temperature
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Cutting Low Melting Point Alloy
	2 Numerical Modelling
		2.1 Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian (CEL) Model
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Thermal Field at Tool
	4 Conclusion
	References
Conceptual Design Selection of Motorcycle Handle Brake Lever Component by TRIZ and Simulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Motorcycle Handle Brake Lever
	3 Methodology
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 TRIZ Contradiction Matrix
		4.2 Selection of Relevant TRIZ Solution Principles
		4.3 Concept Generation from Morphological Chart
		4.4 FEA Simulation
		4.5 Conceptual Design Selection
	5 Conclusion
	References
Simulating the Effect of the Raw Material Preparation on the Production Completion Time Through a System Dynamics Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Simulation of Fluid Structure Interaction Air Duct System Using Finite Element Method Software
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fluid Flow Analysis
		3.2 Modal Analysis
		3.3 Harmonic Response
	4 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation of Transesterification Reaction in Y-Shaped Microreactor
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling and Simulation
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Variation of Stress Intensity Factor and Strain Energy Release Rate in Human Cortical Bone Using Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation
		2.1 Stress Intensity Factor (SIF), K
		2.2 Strain Energy Release Rate (SERR), J-Integral
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analysis of Stress Intensity Factor, K
		3.2 Analysis Strain Energy Release Rate, J-Integral
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Case Study of Coffee Sachets Production Defect Analysis Using Pareto Analysis, P-Control Chart and Ishikawa Diagram
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Pareto Chart Analysis
		4.2 Control Chart (p-Chart) Analysis
		4.3 Ishikawa Cause-and-Effect Diagram Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Improving Performance and Process in Food Manufacturing Industry Using Lean Engineering Principles
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 System Description
		2.2 DMAIC Process
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Define Phase
		3.2 Measure Phase
		3.3 Analyze Phase
		3.4 Identify Phase
		3.5 Control Phase
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effects on Ply Orientation of Kevlar/Epoxy for Ballistic Impact in Bulletproof Vest Using Non-linear Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Simulation
		2.1 Numerical Model
		2.2 Failure Model Criteria
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Penetration Depth
		3.2 Hashin Damage Criteria
		3.3 Energy Absorb Capacity
	4 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Printing Parameters for Tensile Test Using Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Sample
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References