Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies (Engineering Materials)

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Basic Techniques to Investigate the Nanostructured Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
		2.1 Metal and Metal Oxide
		2.2 Carbon and Polymer Materials
		2.3 Ceramic Materials
		2.4 Polymers and Composites
	3 Dynamic Light Scattering
	4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
		4.1 Metal Oxide and Ceramics
		4.2 Carbon and Composite Materials
	5 Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses
	6 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Surface Area Analysis
	7 Mechanical Characterisation
	8 Raman Spectra
	9 Conclusion
	References
The Importance of Nano-materials Characterization Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Physicochemical Properties
		2.1 Size
		2.2 Surface Properties
		2.3 Shape
		2.4 Composition and Purity
		2.5 Interaction Between Nanomaterials and Biological Environments
	3 Techniques for Physicochemical Characterization
		3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		3.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
		3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		3.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
		3.5 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
		3.6 Zeta Potential (ZP)
		3.7 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Biohazards of Nanomaterials
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanomaterials
		2.1 Titanium Dioxide
		2.2 Zinc Oxide
		2.3 Gold Silver
		2.4 Silica NPs
		2.5 Copper NPs
		2.6 Chromium Oxide
		2.7 Carbon Nanoparticles
		2.8 Cerium
		2.9 Manganese
		2.10 Palladium
		2.11 Rare Earth Oxides
	3 Genotoxicity Studies
		3.1 Comet Assay
		3.2 Micronucleus Assay
		3.3 Chromosome Aberrations Test
	4 Cell Line Suitability
	5 Conclusion
	References
Biosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Biological Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Natural Plants and Microorganisms
		2.1 Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
		2.2 Alloy Nanoparticles
		2.3 Oxide Nanoparticles (MONPs)
		2.4 Metal-Sulfide Nanoparticle
		2.5 Nanoceramics and Composites
	3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Formation
	4 Drawbacks of Biosynthesised Nanoparticles
	5 Biological Applications of Nanoparticles
		5.1 Drug and Gene Delivery Agents
		5.2 Antibacterial Agent
		5.3 Biosensor
		5.4 Reaction Rate Enhancement Agent
		5.5 Magnetic Separation and Detection
		5.6 Other Applications
	6 Conclusion
	References
An Overview of Nanotoxicological Effects Towards Plants, Animals, Microorganisms and Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Factors Responsible for the Toxicity of Nanoparticles
	3 Nanoparticles in Agriculture Field
		3.1 Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles
		3.2 Detrimental Effects of Nanoparticle on Biochemical Traits of Plants
		3.3 Unfortunate Outcomes of Nanoparticles on Plant Morphological Changes
		3.4 Genotoxic Effects of Nanoparticles in Plants
		3.5 Depletion of Growth Nutrients in Plants Due to Nanoparticles
		3.6 Transgenerational Effects in Plants by Nanoparticles
	4 Nanoparticles on Humans and Animals
		4.1 BioToxicity of Nanoparticles in Humans and Animals
		4.2 Factors Affecting Biotoxicity of Nanoparticles—Physicochemical Characteristic
		4.3 Mode of Internalization of Nanoparticles into Humans
		4.4 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles Towards Animals
		4.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Organ Development
		4.6 Immunogenic Responses of Nanoparticles
		4.7 Genotoxic Effects of Nanoparticles
		4.8 Tumorigenesis in Animals by Nanoparticles
	5 Biohazards of Nanoparticle on Environmental Concern
	6 Hazardous Effects of Nanoparticles Towards Aquatic Organisms
		6.1 Cytotoxic Effects of Nanoparticles Against Algae
		6.2 Nanoparticles Effects on Terrestrial Species
		6.3 Cytotoxic Effects of Nanoparticles Against Beneficial Microbes and Protozoa
	7 Future Perspectives
	8 Conclusion
	References
Synthetic, Natural Derived Lipid Nanoparticles and Polymeric Nanoparticles Drug Delivery Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery
		2.1 Types of NLC
	3 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs)
		3.1 Types of PNPs
		3.2 PNPs Preparation
		3.3 Distinct Advantages of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
		3.4 PNPs for Oral Drugs Delivery
		3.5 PNPs for Central Nervous System
		3.6 PNPs Applications in Cancer Therapy
		3.7 PNPs Applications in Gene Delivery and Therapy
	4 Conclusion
	References
Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles: Drug Delivery Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Lipid Nanoparticles
		2.1 General Characteristics, Structure and Advantages
		2.2 Ingredients for Lipid Nanoparticles
		2.3 Preparation Methods of Lipid Nanoparticles
		2.4 Drug Incorporation in Lipid Nanoparticles
		2.5 Physicochemical Characterization of Lipid Nanoparticles (After Preparation)
		2.6 Applications of Lipid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
	3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.1 Advantages of Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.2 General Types of Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.3 Polymers Used to Prepare of Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.4 Preparation Methods for Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.5 Application of Polymeric Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
		3.6 Polymeric Micelles as Polymeric Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Drug Delivery
	4 Conclusion
	References
Biodegradable Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles as Carrier for Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods for Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles
	3 Nanoparticles Obtained by the Polymerization of a Polymer
		3.1 Emulsion Polymerization
	4 Interfacial Polymerisation
	5 Interfacial Polycondensation
	6 Nanoprecipitation
		6.1 Emulsification/Solvent Evaporation
		6.2 Scaling Out with Synthetic Polymers
		6.3 Solvent Displacement and Interfacial Deposition
		6.4 Emulsification/Solvent Diffusion
	7 Drug Loading
	8 Drug Release
	9 Applications of Nanoparticles in the Biomedical Field
		9.1 Tumour Targeting
		9.2 Oral Delivery
		9.3 Gene and Vaccine Delivery
		9.4 Brain Targeting
	10 Conclusions
	References
Quantum Dots Application in Biomolecules Interaction and Bioimaging
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview of Quantum Dots
	2 Synthesis of Semiconductor Quantum Dots
		2.1 Surface Functionalisation Strategies of Quantum Dots
		2.2 Biofunctionalisation of QDs
		2.3 Merits of QDs in Biological Assays
	3 Application of Quantum Dots in Medical Diagnosis
		3.1 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis
		3.2 Live Cell Labelling
		3.3 Cellular Tracking and Imaging
		3.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Application of QDs
		3.5 QDs as Photosensitiser (PS) in Cancer Treatment
		3.6 QDs and Neuroscience
		3.7 QDs Drug Delivery Systems
		3.8 Cytotoxicity of QDs
	4 Conclusion
	References
Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief Introduction to MD
	3 MD in Computer-Aided Drug Design
	4 MD Simulations in the Development of Drug Delivery Strategies
		4.1 Dendrimers as Drug-Carriers
		4.2 Carbon Nanotubes for Translocating Drugs and Drug-Carriers
		4.3 Drugs in Liposomes
		4.4 DNA Nanostructures for Drug Delivery
	5 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Nanomedicine for Treating Specific Disorders
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanomedicine
		1.2 Scope of Nanomedicines
		1.3 Design of Nanomedicine
		1.4 Advantages of Nanomedicines
		1.5 Disadvantages of Nanomedicines
	2 Analytical Techniques in the Characterization of Nanomedicines
		2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		2.2 Immuno-Fluorescence Techniques
		2.3 Electron Microscopy
		2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
	3 Nanomedicines for Treating Specific Disorders
		3.1 Nanomedicines for Treating AIDS
		3.2 Nanomedicines for Treating Cancer
		3.3 Nanomedicines for Treating Kidney Disease
		3.4 Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis
		3.5 Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Angiogenesis
		3.6 Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases
		3.7 Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Periodontal Diseases
		3.8 Nanomedicines for the Central Nervous System Diseases
		3.9 Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Diabetes
		3.10 Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Antibacterial Resistance Cases
	4 Toxicity Concern
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Nanomedicines in Cancer Therapy
	1 Introduction
	2 Cancer Therapy
	3 Drug Resistance in Cancer Chemotherapy
	4 Limitations of Conventional Therapy
	5 Gene Therapy
	6 Nanomedicine
	7 Significance of Nanomedicine in Cancer
	8 The Design of the Nanocarriers for Tumor Targeting
	9 Types of Nanocarriers
		9.1 Dendrimers
		9.2 Polymeric Micelles
		9.3 Silica Nanoparticles
		9.4 Liposomes
		9.5 Metal Nanoparticles
	10 Mechanism of Targeting to Tumor Tissues
		10.1 Passive Targeting
		10.2 Active Targeting
		10.3 Stimuli Responsive Release
	11 Nanomedicines in the Therapy of Cancers
		11.1 Brain Cancer
		11.2 Breast Cancer
		11.3 Prostate Cancer
	12 FDA Approved Nanomedicines
	13 Future of Nanomedicines
	14 Timeline for the Development of Nanomedicines
	15 Conclusion
	References
Nanomedicines in Tuberculosis: Diagnosis, Therapy and Nanodrug Delivery
	1 Introduction
	2 Present Measures for TB Determination
	3 Recognizing High-Hazard Gatherings for M. tuberculosis Testing
	4 Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) Discharge Tests
	5 Indicative Holes Between Present Advances and Neglected Clinical Need
	6 TB Current Treatment and Confinements
	7 The Respiratory Administration Course: Favorable Circumstances and Difficulties
	8 Lung Affidavit
	9 Nanosystems for the Pneumonic Conveyance of Hostile to TB Drugs
		9.1 Liposomes
		9.2 Lipid Nanoparticles
		9.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		9.4 Different Nanocarriers
	10 The Potential Application of Nanotechnology/Microfluidics in TB Diagnosis
		10.1 Biosensors in View of Identifying Antigen/Neutralizer/Entire Mycobacteria
		10.2 Biosensors in Light of Nucleic Acid Hybridization
		10.3 Phone-Based Fluorescence Microscopy
	11 Elective Non-intrusive Courses of Organization of Nanomedicines Against TB
		11.1 Oral Nanosystems Delivery for TB Treatment
		11.2 Topical Nanosystems Delivery for TB Treatment
	12 Difficulties and Future Points of View
	13 Conclusion
	References
Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Nano-nutraceuticals
	3 Classification of Nano-nutraceuticals
	4 Lipid-Based Nanomaterials for Nutraceuticals
		4.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
		4.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
		4.3 Liposomes
		4.4 Nanoliposomes
		4.5 Nanoemulsions
	5 Protein-Based Nanomaterials for Nutraceuticals
	6 Cellulosic-Based Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals
	7 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles
	8 Conclusion
	References
471342_1_En_15_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf
	15 Correction to: Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies
		Correction to: A. Krishnan and A. Chuturgoon (eds.), Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies, Engineering Materials, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36260-7
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