Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G Era

fmatter
	Title Page
	Copyright
	Contents
	Contributors
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Acronyms
	About the Companion Website
ch1
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration
		1.2.1 Cellular Internet of Things
			1.2.1.1 Long‐Term Evolution Machine‐Type Communication
			1.2.1.2 Narrowband Internet of Things
		1.2.2 Noncellular Solutions
			1.2.2.1 Long‐Range and Long‐Range Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
			1.2.2.2 Sigfox
		1.2.3 Toward Terrestrial and Nonterrestrial Internet of Things Connectivity Continuum
	1.3 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch2
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Drivers
		2.2.1 Drivers for 6G Network
		2.2.2 Drivers for 6G Satellite and Machine‐Type Communications
			2.2.2.1 Social Drivers
			2.2.2.2 Economic Drivers
			2.2.2.3 Environmental Drivers
	2.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things
	2.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators
	2.5 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch3
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Internet of Things – Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard
	3.3 Non‐terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio
		3.3.1 Direct Access
		3.3.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul‐Based Access
		3.3.3 Non‐terrestrial Network Architectures for the Internet of Things
	3.4 Non‐terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics
		3.4.1 Propagation Delay
		3.4.2 Differential Delay
		3.4.3 Differential Doppler Shift
	3.5 Link Budget Characterization
		3.5.1 Losses
		3.5.2 Antenna Pattern
		3.5.3 Downlink Budget
		3.5.4 Uplink Budget
	3.6 Outlook
	Bibliography
ch4
	4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations
		4.1.1 Why Is a Constellation of Satellites Needed
		4.1.2 Different Types of Orbits and Formations
	4.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters
		4.2.1 Inclination and Altitude Classification
			4.2.1.1 Orbital Inclination
			4.2.1.2 Orbital Altitude
			4.2.1.3 Special Orbits for Satellite Communications and Earth Observation Applications
		4.2.2 Satellite Propagation Geometry
	4.3 Constellation Design
		4.3.1 Constellation Construction Process
		4.3.2 Constellation Construction Methods
			4.3.2.1 Walker Constellations
			4.3.2.2 Streets‐of‐Coverage Methods
			4.3.2.3 Flower Constellations
		4.3.3 Constellation Design for Earth Observation Applications
			4.3.3.1 Sensor Instrument Constraints
		4.3.4 Constellation Design for Multilayered Satellite Applications
		4.3.5 Satellite Constellation Design for Massive Machine‐Type Communication and Internet‐of‐Things Applications
	4.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit
		4.4.1 Launch and Operation of the Satellites
		4.4.2 Satellite Deorbiting, Retrieval, or Disposal
	4.5 Outlook
	Acknowledgment
	Bibliography
ch5
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Machine‐Type Communication Technology Landscape
		5.2.1 Machine‐Type Communication Direct‐to‐Satellite Connectivity
	5.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical‐Layer Perspective
		5.3.1 Satellite Components
		5.3.2 Link Budget
		5.3.3 Frequency Bands
		5.3.4 Doppler Effects
		5.3.5 Propagation Delay
	5.4 Techniques for Machine‐Type Communication and Satellite Integration
		5.4.1 User‐Equipment Global Navigation Satellite System‐Based Compensation
		5.4.2 Pre/Post‐Doppler Delay Compensation
			5.4.2.1 Doppler Shift Pre/Postcompensation
			5.4.2.2 Differential Delay
			5.4.2.3 Limitations
		5.4.3 Advance Signal Processing Techniques
		5.4.4 New Signaling Configurations with Increased Timers
	5.5 Roadmap for Machine‐Type Communication and Satellite Integration
	5.6 Outlook
	Bibliography
ch6
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Outline
	6.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview
		6.2.1 Satellite Communications System
		6.2.2 Network Architecture Alternatives
			6.2.2.1 Indirect‐to‐Satellite
			6.2.2.2 Direct‐to‐Satellite
		6.2.3 Direct‐to‐Satellite Payloads
			6.2.3.1 Transparent
			6.2.3.2 Regenerative
		6.2.4 Applications and Massive Connectivity
		6.2.5 Reporting Period
		6.2.6 Energy and Processing Resources
			6.2.6.1 Space Segment
			6.2.6.2 Terrestrial Segment
		6.2.7 Frequency and Bandwidth
	6.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control
		6.3.1 Packet Delivery Ratio
		6.3.2 Throughput and Spectral Efficiency
		6.3.3 Delay
		6.3.4 Energy Efficiency
	6.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification
		6.4.1 Fixed‐Assignment Multiple Access
		6.4.2 Random Multiple Access
		6.4.3 Demand Assignment Multiple Access
		6.4.4 Hybrid and Adaptive Multiple Access
	6.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview
		6.5.1 Pure ALOHA
		6.5.2 Slotted ALOHA
		6.5.3 Diversity Slotted ALOHA
		6.5.4 Coded Slotted ALOHA
		6.5.5 Self‐Organized Time‐Division Multiple Access
		6.5.6 Frequency‐Division Multiple Access
		6.5.7 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
		6.5.8 Illustrative Example: Narrowband‐Internet‐of‐Things Medium Access Control
		6.5.9 Illustrative Example: Long‐Range Wide Area Network Medium Access Control
	6.6 Open Challenges
		6.6.1 Terrestrial Interference
		6.6.2 Resources Optimization
		6.6.3 Satellite Mobility
	6.7 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch7
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks – 3GPP Release 17
		7.2.1 Background
		7.2.2 Release 17 Internet‐of‐Things Nonterrestrial Networks Overview
		7.2.3 Discontinuous Coverage
		7.2.4 Cellular Internet of Things and Evolved Packet System Core Network for Nonterrestrial Networks
		7.2.5 Non‐Internet Protocol Data Delivery
		7.2.6 Streamlined SMS Support
		7.2.7 Mobility and Integration Across Networks: Terrestrial and Nonterrestrial Cases
	7.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine‐Type Communication System
		7.3.1 Overview
		7.3.2 Massive Scale and Coverage
		7.3.3 Strong Reliance on User Equipment Location
		7.3.4 Dynamic Capacity and Focus on Space Segment Efficiency
		7.3.5 Spectrum Scarcity and Efficient Utilization
		7.3.6 Ultralean and Efficient Signaling and Air Interface Overhead
		7.3.7 Message‐Based, IP‐Less, Efficient, and Lean Data Transport
	7.4 Internet‐of‐Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution – Releases 18, 19, and Beyond
		7.4.1 Releases 18 and 19 Overview
		7.4.2 Support of 5G System and Core
		7.4.3 Network‐Based User‐Equipment Location Verification
		7.4.4 Multicast and Broadcast
		7.4.5 New User‐Equipment Power Classes and Architectures
		7.4.6 Regenerative Architectures, Onboard Processing, and Store and Forward
		7.4.7 Support of the New Radio Reduced Capability
		7.4.8 Global Navigation Satellite System‐Free Operation and Network‐Based Positioning
		7.4.9 Release 20 and Beyond
	7.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine‐Type Communication Network
		7.5.1 6G Vision
		7.5.2 Resource Management System for the 6G Network
	Bibliography
ch8
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites
		8.2.1 Satellite Onboard Capability
		8.2.2 Abstracted Satellite Nodes with Software‐Defined Network
			8.2.2.1 SDN Controller Placement
		8.2.3 Satellite Edge Computing
			8.2.3.1 Satellite Edge Computing Computational Power
			8.2.3.2 Satellite Edge Computing Transmission Power Attenuation
	8.3 6G Satellite Networks
		8.3.1 Satellite Edge Computing in Networks
			8.3.1.1 Satellite Edge Computing End‐to‐End Latency
			8.3.1.2 Satellite Edge Computing End‐to‐End Transmission Power Attenuation
			8.3.1.3 Satellite Edge Computing Optimal Offloading Policy
		8.3.2 Satellite Network Slicing
			8.3.2.1 Virtual Network Embedding System Model
			8.3.2.2 Evaluation Metrics
	8.4 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch9
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 State of the Art
	9.3 Key Enabling Technologies
		9.3.1 Next‐Generation Satellites
		9.3.2 Reconfigurable Multiband Radios
		9.3.3 Software‐Defined Networking
		9.3.4 Network Function Virtualization
		9.3.5 Delay‐ and Disruption‐Tolerant Networking
		9.3.6 Segment Routing
		9.3.7 Stateless Networking
		9.3.8 Multiaccess Edge Computing
	9.4 SpaceFabric Design and Description
		9.4.1 System Architecture
			9.4.1.1 Infrastructure Domain
			9.4.1.2 User Domain
			9.4.1.3 Control Domain
			9.4.1.4 Space Management and Orchestration Domain
		9.4.2 Operations and Procedures
			9.4.2.1 Voronoi Tessellation‐Based Topology Abstraction
			9.4.2.2 Seamless Service Migration
			9.4.2.3 Unified Routing Over Heterogeneous Infrastructure
			9.4.2.4 Stateless Operations for the Low Earth Orbit Segment
			9.4.2.5 Space–Ground‐Integrated Network Slicing
		9.4.3 Integration Within the Open Radio Access Network Framework
	9.5 Use Cases
		9.5.1 Remote Industrial Automation
		9.5.2 Monitoring and Reconnaissance
		9.5.3 Mission‐Critical Connectivity
	9.6 Research Challenges
		9.6.1 Service Migration Redundancy During Handovers
		9.6.2 Lightweight Network Function Virtualization for Nanosatellites
		9.6.3 Energy‐Efficient Operations
		9.6.4 Protocol and Architecture Considerations for Open Radio Access Network Integration
	9.7 Outlook
	Bibliography
ch10
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Security Challenges
		10.2.1 Challenges in the Internet of Things
		10.2.2 Challenges in 3GPP Networks
		10.2.3 Challenges in Satellite Communications
		10.2.4 Challenges Arising from the Integration
	10.3 Security Solutions
		10.3.1 Security in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks
			10.3.1.1 The 3GPP Security Architecture
			10.3.1.2 Security for the Integrated Network
			10.3.1.3 Satellite Infrastructure Security
		10.3.2 Security for IoT Applications
			10.3.2.1 End‐to‐End Security
			10.3.2.2 Secure Acceleration at the Network Edge
	10.4 Future Research
		10.4.1 Intelligent Security
		10.4.2 Software‐Defined Space
		10.4.3 Quantum Era
	10.5 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch11
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Communication and Sensing
		11.2.1 Sensing Objectives
		11.2.2 Sensing Over Communication Signals
		11.2.3 Jointly Optimized Waveforms
		11.2.4 Nonterrestrial Network‐Based Case Examples
	11.3 Communication and Power Transfer
		11.3.1 Energy‐Harvesting Communications
		11.3.2 Joint Wireless Information and Power Transfer
		11.3.3 Nonterrestrial Network‐Based Case Examples
	11.4 Communication and Computing
		11.4.1 Computing‐Assisted Communications
		11.4.2 Communication‐Assisted Computing
		11.4.3 Computing While Communicating
		11.4.4 Nonterrestrial Network‐Based Case Examples
	11.5 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch12
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 State‐of‐the‐Art Survey
		12.2.1 Satellite Constellation and Orbital Simulators
			12.2.1.1 Systems Tool Kit
			12.2.1.2 MATLAB Satellite Communication Toolbox
			12.2.1.3 GMAT
			12.2.1.4 Orekit
			12.2.1.5 ExoOPS
			12.2.1.6 ASTOS
			12.2.1.7 SaVi
			12.2.1.8 GODOT
			12.2.1.9 Poliastro
			12.2.1.10 FreeFlyer
			12.2.1.11 FocusSuite
		12.2.2 Network Simulators and Emulators
			12.2.2.1 ns‐3
			12.2.2.2 OMNeT++
			12.2.2.3 StarPerf
		12.2.3 Visualization Tools
	12.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE
	12.4 Outlook and Future Work
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch13
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine‐Type Communication Market and Business Prospects
		13.2.1 Current Satellite Internet‐of‐Things Market
		13.2.2 Market Evolution and Projections
			13.2.2.1 The Promise of Low‐Power/Low‐Cost Internet‐of‐Things Satellite Connectivity
			13.2.2.2 Incumbents and New Players for Satellite Massive Machine‐Type Communication
			13.2.2.3 Prospects for Satellite Massive Machine‐Type Communication
			13.2.2.4 Sectors and Applications with High Potential
	13.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models
		13.3.1 3GPP Ecosystem for Hybrid Terrestrial–Satellite Massive Machine‐Type Communication
		13.3.2 Business Models
			13.3.2.1 Direct to Market
			13.3.2.2 B2B Model Through MNOs/MVNOs
	13.4 Toward the Realization of Cost‐Efficient Satellite Massive Machine‐Type Communication Systems
		13.4.1 Integration Within the 3GPP and Global System for Mobile Communications Association Ecosystem
		13.4.2 CubeSats/Nanosatellites in Low Earth Orbit Constellations
		13.4.3 Sparse Constellations and Support of Discontinuous Coverage
		13.4.4 Store and Forward Capabilities
	13.5 Illustrative Assessments
		13.5.1 Capacity Estimates
		13.5.2 Service Key Performance Indicators Assessments
	13.6 Outlook
	Bibliography
ch14
	14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits
		14.1.1 International Telecommunication Unit – Radiocommunication Sector
		14.1.2 Regional Organizations
		14.1.3 National Regulatory Authorities
		14.1.4 Understanding Regulations
	14.2 Spectrum Management Techniques
		14.2.1 Exclusive Access
		14.2.2 Primary/Secondary Access
		14.2.3 Unlicensed Access
	14.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine‐Type Communication
		14.3.1 Current Status
		14.3.2 Future Developments
	14.4 Challenges and Opportunities
		14.4.1 Challenges
		14.4.2 Opportunities, Trends, and Research Topics in Spectrum Management for 6G
	14.5 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
ch15
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Scenarios
	15.3 Architecture
		15.3.1 New‐Radio Radio Access Network Logical Architecture
		15.3.2 Non‐Terrestrial Network for 5G New Radio
			15.3.2.1 Feeder Link Switchover
			15.3.2.2 Earth‐Moving Radio Cells
			15.3.2.3 Registration
		15.3.3 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
		15.3.4 Non‐Terrestrial Network for the Internet of Things
	15.4 Physical Layer
		15.4.1 Timing and Frequency Precompensation
		15.4.2 Segmented Uplink Transmission
		15.4.3 Disabling Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Feedback
		15.4.4 New Channel Raster for Downlink Synchronization
	15.5 User Plane
		15.5.1 Medium Access Control
		15.5.2 Radio Link Control and Packet Data Convergence Protocol
	15.6 System Information
		15.6.1 Non‐Terrestrial Network‐Specific System Information
		15.6.2 System Information Modification
	15.7 Mobility
		15.7.1 Service Link Switch
		15.7.2 Idle‐Mode Mobility
		15.7.3 Connected‐Mode Mobility
	15.8 Outlook
	Copyright Notice
	Bibliography
index