Integrated Watershed Management: Connecting People to their Land and Water

Contents......Page 5
Preface and Overview......Page 9
1. Challenges and Opportunities......Page 15
Fundamental Questions Addressed......Page 17
Challenges Faced......Page 18
Loss of protective vegetative cover and accelerated loss of soil resources......Page 20
Problems of sustaining people’s livelihood......Page 21
Meeting the Challenges: Some Examples......Page 22
Providing necessary natural resources to people......Page 23
Sustaining agricultural production on marginal lands......Page 24
A success story......Page 25
Interactions of Land Uses......Page 27
Availability of high-quality water......Page 28
Agricultural cropping......Page 32
Livestock production......Page 33
Agroforestry practices......Page 34
Urban development and roads......Page 35
Achieving watershed management objectives......Page 36
Maintaining good watershed condition......Page 38
Sustaining and improving on-site productivity......Page 39
Increasing water yield: implications for water supply......Page 41
Improving water quality......Page 46
Groundwater implications......Page 48
Rehabilitation activities......Page 49
Watershed health: a dynamic equilibrium......Page 50
Upstream–downstream connections......Page 51
Cumulative Effects......Page 52
3. Institutional Context......Page 54
Water Governance......Page 55
Institutional Effectiveness......Page 57
Dealing with Conflicting Interests......Page 58
Customary Water Rights, Water Laws and Treaties......Page 59
Customary and statutory water rights......Page 60
Land tenure and water rights......Page 61
In-country water sharing agreements......Page 62
International treaties and transcountry boundary institutions......Page 63
Policy inferences......Page 65
Privatization of water......Page 66
Water prices, subsidies and cost recovery......Page 67
Payment for environmental services......Page 68
Government agencies, boards and commissions......Page 69
Water user groups and associations......Page 73
Setting the Context for Planning......Page 78
Watershed-level Planning and Action......Page 81
Lessons from Past Experience: Lessons for the Future......Page 87
Planning Elements......Page 90
Planning Tools......Page 92
Principles related to economics as a planning and management tool......Page 95
Principles related to values and valuation......Page 98
Principles related to externalities, transfer payments and payments for environmental services......Page 100
Steps in the economic assessment process......Page 101
Watershed Hydrology......Page 103
Hydrologic Cycle......Page 104
Water budget......Page 106
Application of the water budget......Page 108
Impacts of watershed characteristics on hydrologic processes......Page 110
Streamflow......Page 117
Stream Channels, Floods, Flood Plains and Land Use......Page 119
Water Quality......Page 121
Precipitation......Page 123
Water quality......Page 124
6. Monitoring and Evaluation to Improve Performance......Page 125
Monitoring......Page 126
Evaluation......Page 127
Design of Monitoring Programmes......Page 128
Determining information needs......Page 129
Collecting Information......Page 134
Monitoring the Biophysical System......Page 135
Types of biophysical monitoring......Page 136
Monitoring Socio-economic Impacts......Page 139
Design of M&E Systems......Page 140
Determining information needs......Page 141
Timing of evaluations......Page 142
Evaluation focus......Page 143
Contributions of Research to Watershed Management......Page 145
Roles of researchers and managers......Page 146
Meeting people's needs......Page 147
Classroom training activities......Page 148
Distance learning......Page 154
Internet Applications......Page 155
Blogs......Page 156
World Wide Web......Page 157
Role of Adaptive Management......Page 159
Foundational Premise......Page 160
Components of the Process......Page 161
Framework of the Process......Page 162
Alternative Models......Page 163
Conclusions......Page 164
Annex 3.1. A Process to Identify, Assess, and Deal with Policy Issues......Page 167
Annex 3.2. Principles and Standards for Privatization......Page 170
Annex 4.1. Stakeholders Categories......Page 175
Annex 4.2. Time Value of Money, Discount Rates, Discounting and Compounding......Page 179
Annex 4.3. Selected Bibliography of Useful References Dealing with the Economics of Natural Resources and Integrated Water and Watershed Management......Page 181
Annex 6.1. A procedure for monitoring Water Quality to Insure Credibility and Consistency......Page 182
Annex 6.2. Database Management Systems and Database Models......Page 185
Annex 6.3. Computer Simulation Models......Page 188
Annex 6.4. Geographic Information Systems......Page 193
Annex 7.1. Establishing a Research Agenda......Page 197
Annex 7.2. Illustrative Modules and Sessions for Watershed Management Training Activities......Page 198
Annex 7.3. Planning Watershed Management Training Activities......Page 199
References......Page 202
D......Page 211
I......Page 212
P......Page 213
S......Page 214
Z......Page 215