Integrated pest management: current concepts and ecological perspective

Front Cover......Page 1
Integrated Pest Management......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the Editor......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
List of Contributors......Page 14
1.1 Introduction – What is Plant Resistance?......Page 16
1.2.1 Screening......Page 17
1.2.2 Categorization of Resistance......Page 18
1.2.3 Breeding......Page 19
1.2.4 Implementation......Page 21
1.3 Current and Past Uses of Plant Resistance......Page 23
1.4 The Evolving Role of Mechanistic Research in Host-Plant Resistance......Page 24
1.5 Induced Resistance as a Management Tool......Page 25
1.6.1 Brown Planthopper Resistance......Page 29
1.6.2 Stem Borer Resistance......Page 30
1.6.4 Induced Resistance in Rice......Page 31
1.7 Conclusions......Page 32
References......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 38
2.2 Impact of Climate Change on Geographic Distribution and Population Dynamics of Insect Pests......Page 40
2.3.1 Expression of Resistance to Insect Pests......Page 42
2.3.3 Activity and Abundance of Natural Enemies......Page 43
2.3.4 Biopesticides and Synthetic Insecticides......Page 44
2.4 Climate Change and Pest Management: The Challenge Ahead......Page 45
References......Page 46
3.1 Introduction......Page 52
3.2.1 Simulation of a Simple Random Sample Design......Page 53
3.2.2 Insect Infestation of Habitats Simulation Model......Page 54
3.2.3 Dispersion Analyses of Simulated Conditions......Page 55
3.2.5 Field Data Illustrations......Page 56
3.3 Results......Page 57
3.4 Discussion......Page 68
References......Page 71
4.1.1 Crop Protection and Current Challenges......Page 74
4.1.2 Weather, Pest, and Crop Interactions......Page 75
4.2.1 Weather Factors and Derived Variables......Page 76
4.2.2 Critical Weather Variables for Pest Forecasting......Page 77
4.2.3 Sources of Weather Data and Reliability......Page 78
4.3.1 Sensitivity and Vulnerability to Weather Factors – Extreme Events and Prevailing Climate......Page 80
4.3.2 Weather Forecasts for Early Warning/Scouting of Pest......Page 81
4.4.2 Synchronization of Pest Emergence and Host Development Avoidance and Planting Dates......Page 82
4.5.1 Weather-Based Forecasts and IPM......Page 83
4.5.2 Existing Products......Page 85
4.5.3.1 Case Study 1: WRF model and Early Leaf Spot in Peanut......Page 86
4.5.3.2 Case Study 2: WRF Model and Thrips-Vector Populations......Page 87
4.5.4 Accuracy, Limitations, and Uncertainties......Page 89
4.6 Conclusions......Page 90
References......Page 91
5.1.1 Brief History of the Colorado Potato Beetle......Page 94
5.1.2 Biology and Life Cycle......Page 95
5.2.1.1 Model Description and Development......Page 96
5.2.1.2 Model Validation......Page 98
5.2.2.1 Model Description and Development......Page 100
5.2.2.2 Model Validation......Page 101
5.2.2.3 Practical Approach of the Model......Page 102
5.3 Conclusions......Page 104
References......Page 105
6.1 Introduction......Page 108
6.2 Semiochemicals for Monitoring Pest Populations......Page 109
6.3 Mass Trapping......Page 110
6.4 Lure and Kill......Page 113
6.5 Mating Disruption with Pheromones......Page 114
6.7 Companion Plants Releasing Semiochemicals in Push-Pull Systems......Page 115
6.8 Using Semiochemicals as Activators of Plant Defences......Page 116
6.10 Conclusions and Future Outlook......Page 119
References......Page 120
7.2 Environmental Damage and Associated Control Costs......Page 126
7.2.1 Plants......Page 127
7.2.2 Mammals......Page 129
7.2.3 Birds......Page 130
7.3.1 Weeds......Page 131
7.3.3 Plant Pathogens......Page 132
7.6 Conclusions......Page 133
Acknowledgments......Page 134
References......Page 135
8.1 Introduction......Page 140
8.2 Potential of Plant Products......Page 141
8.3.1 Plant Species......Page 142
8.4 Pest Management......Page 143
8.5.2 Persistence on Crops......Page 146
8.5.4 Awareness......Page 147
8.5.7 Effects on Human Health, Beneficial Insects and Other Non-Target Organisms......Page 148
8.5.9 Treatment Costs......Page 150
Acknowledgement......Page 151
References......Page 152
9.1 Introduction......Page 156
9.2 Insect Pheromones......Page 157
9.2.1.6 Trail Pheromones......Page 158
9.2.2.1 Monitoring......Page 159
9.2.2.2 Mating Disruption......Page 162
9.2.2.3 Mass Trapping......Page 163
9.2.2.4 Attract-and-Kill......Page 164
9.2.2.5 Push, Pull, and Push-Pull Approaches......Page 165
9.3 Synergism with Plant Volatiles......Page 166
9.4 Weevil Pheromones in Pest Management......Page 167
9.5.1 Boll Weevil......Page 168
9.5.2 Plum Curculio......Page 171
9.5.3 Cranberry Weevil......Page 172
9.6 Conclusions......Page 173
References......Page 174
10.1 Introduction......Page 184
10.2.1 How They Work......Page 185
10.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 186
10.3.2 Mass Production......Page 187
10.3.5 Plant Extracts and Botanical Products......Page 188
10.4.1 Formulations......Page 189
10.4.1.1 Granular Formulations and Baits......Page 190
10.4.1.2 Wettable Powders......Page 192
10.4.2 Application Technology......Page 193
10.4.2.3 Granular Soil Treatments......Page 194
10.5.1 Sunn Pest......Page 195
10.5.1.2.1 Cultural Controls......Page 196
10.5.1.2.4 Parasitoids and Predators......Page 197
10.5.1.2.5 Entomopathogenic Fungi......Page 198
10.5.2.1 Life Cycle......Page 199
10.5.2.2.3 Chemical Insecticides......Page 200
10.5.2.2.5 Entomopathogenic Fungi......Page 201
References......Page 202
11.1 Introduction......Page 208
11.3 Virulence and Infectivity......Page 209
11.4 Bioefficiency......Page 211
11.5.2 Foliar......Page 218
11.6 Genetic Manipulation......Page 219
11.7 Desiccation Tolerance......Page 221
11.8.1 Pesticides......Page 222
11.8.2 Natural Enemies......Page 224
11.8.3 Pathogens......Page 225
11.8.5 Farming Practices......Page 227
11.9 Mass Production and Formulation......Page 229
References......Page 231
12.1 Introduction......Page 240
12.2.2 Entomopathogenic Viruses......Page 241
12.3 Use of Entomopathogenic Bacteria and Viruses as Biocontrol Agents......Page 242
12.4.2 Entomopathogenic Viruses......Page 244
12.5.1 Entomopathogenic Bacteria......Page 245
12.5.2.1 Quality of Baculovirus Preparations......Page 246
12.6.2.1 Introduction and Establishment......Page 247
12.7.1 Entomopathogenic Bacteria......Page 248
12.7.2 Entomopathogenic Viruses......Page 249
12.8.1 Entomopathogenic Bacteria......Page 251
12.8.2 Entomopathogenic Viruses......Page 252
12.9.2 Limitations......Page 253
12.10 Biosafety Issues Regarding Use of Microbial Pesticides......Page 254
12.11 Conclusions and Future Direction......Page 255
References......Page 256
13.1 Economically Important Weeds......Page 260
13.2 Changing Societal Views to Conventional Weed Control Practices......Page 261
13.3 What are Bioherbicides?......Page 264
13.4 From Start to Finish: Understanding the Discovery and Development Process......Page 266
13.4.1 Discovery and Proof-of-Concept......Page 267
13.4.3 Registration and Commercialization......Page 268
13.5.1 DeVine®, USA 1981......Page 269
13.5.3 BioMal®, Canada 1992......Page 272
13.5.5 Woad Warrior®, USA 2002......Page 273
13.5.6 Mycotech™ and Chontrol® Pastes, Canada 2002/2004......Page 274
13.5.8 Sarritor®, Canada 2007......Page 275
13.5.10 Phoma, Canada/USA 2011/2012......Page 276
13.6 What Will be the Role of Bioherbicides in the Future?......Page 277
References......Page 278
14.1 Introduction......Page 282
14.2.2 Augmentative Biological Control......Page 284
14.2.4.2 Parasitoids......Page 285
14.2.4.3 Insect Pathogens......Page 286
14.3 Ecological Basis for Biological Control......Page 287
14.4 Conducting a Biological Control Project......Page 290
14.5 Benefits and Risks of Biological Control......Page 292
14.6 Integrating Biological Control of Invasive Insect Species With Alternative Management Strategies......Page 293
14.7 Successful Biological Control......Page 294
References......Page 295
15.2 Ecology of the Spiders – Habit and Habitat......Page 298
15.3 Important Spider Taxonomic Works......Page 299
15.6 Estimates of Spider Species Diversity......Page 300
15.8 Role of Spiders in Agro-Ecosystems......Page 305
15.11.1 Pest Dislodgement......Page 307
15.12 Spider Venom Peptides as Bioinsecticides......Page 309
15.13 Effect of Agronomic Practices on Spiders......Page 310
15.14.1 Spiders and their Role in the Irrigated Rice Agro-ecosystem – Detritivores and Organic Material......Page 311
15.14.3 Studying the Impact of Predators – an Exclusion Cage Experiment in Rice......Page 312
15.14.5 Effect of Azolla on Insect Predators......Page 313
15.14.6 Integration of Host Plant Resistance and Bio Control against BPH......Page 314
15.16 Conclusion......Page 315
References......Page 316
16.1 Introduction......Page 326
16.3 Molecular Markers......Page 327
16.4 Molecular Taxonomy......Page 328
16.4.2 Barcode of Life Database System (BOLD)......Page 329
16.5 Biotechnology and Host-Plant Resistance......Page 330
16.5.1 Bacillus thuringiensis – Toxins and Biotechnology......Page 331
16.5.5 Chitinases......Page 333
16.5.8 Plant Lectins......Page 334
16.5.9.1 Scorpion Venom......Page 335
16.6 Insect Growth Regulators/Hormones......Page 336
16.7.1 Bacillus thuringiensis......Page 337
16.7.2 Entomopathogenic Fungi......Page 338
16.7.4 Entomopathogenic Nematodes......Page 339
16.7.5 Natural Enemies......Page 340
16.8 Genetic Control of Insect Pests Through Sterile Insect Technique......Page 341
16.9 Metabolic Pathways as a Source of Useful Genes and Products......Page 342
16.10 Conclusions......Page 343
References......Page 344
17.1 Introduction......Page 352
17.2.1 Identification......Page 353
17.2.1.1 Molecular Markers......Page 354
17.2.1.2 DNA Barcoding......Page 355
17.2.2.2 Protease Inhibitors......Page 356
17.2.3 Silencing of Genes Using RNAi Approach for Developing Pest Resistance Plants......Page 357
17.2.4 Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection for Developing Mite-Resistant Plants......Page 358
17.2.6 Genome Sequencing......Page 359
17.3 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes......Page 360
17.3.1 Identification......Page 361
17.3.2.1 Bt Cry Proteins Effective against Nematodes......Page 362
17.3.2.2 Proteinase Inhibitors Effective against Nematodes......Page 363
17.3.2.3 Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins......Page 364
17.3.3.1 Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection for Developing Nematode-Resistant Plants......Page 365
17.3.3.2 Functional Genomics/RNAi towards Plant-Parasitic Nematode Control......Page 366
17.4 Conclusions......Page 373
References......Page 374
18.1 Introduction......Page 386
18.2 GM Crops as a Part of HPR in IPM......Page 388
18.3 Current Status of GM Crops......Page 389
18.4.1.1 Bt Cotton in India......Page 390
18.4.1.2 Bt Maize in USA......Page 391
18.4.1.3.2 Bt Rice......Page 392
18.5.1.1 Changing Scenario in Pest Status......Page 393
18.5.1.2.2 Impact of GM Crops on the Abundance of Natural Enemies in the Field......Page 394
18.5.1.4 Impact of GM Crops on Soil Organisms......Page 398
18.6 Evolution of Resistance in Insects to GM Crops......Page 400
18.6.1 Evolution of Resistance to Bt Cotton in Field Populations of H. armigera in China – A Case Study......Page 401
18.6.2 High-Dose/Refuge Resistance Management Strategy......Page 402
18.7 Conclusions......Page 404
References......Page 405
19.1 Introduction......Page 416
19.3.3 Tolerance......Page 417
19.4.1 Genetics of Stem Rust of Wheat......Page 418
19.5 Strategies and Methods of Screening for Resistance......Page 419
19.7.1.1 Mass Selection......Page 420
19.7.2.1.2 Backcross Method......Page 421
19.7.5 Multiline Varieties......Page 422
19.7.6.1 Tissue Culture......Page 423
19.8 Systematic Breeding Programme for Development of Resistant Varieties......Page 424
19.9.1 Seedling Survival......Page 425
19.9.2 Aphid Injury......Page 426
19.13 Summary and Conclusions......Page 427
References......Page 429
20.1 Introduction......Page 434
20.2.2 Global vis-à-vis Indian Diversity......Page 435
20.3 Rodent Pest Species of India......Page 436
20.3.1 Squirrels......Page 438
20.3.2 The Indian Crested Porcupine, Hystrix indica......Page 439
20.3.3 The Lesser Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota bengalensis......Page 440
20.3.4 Larger Bandicoot Rat, Bandicota indica......Page 443
20.3.6 Indian Desert Gerbil, Meriones hurrianae......Page 444
20.3.11 Wroughton’s Rat, R. rattus wroughtoni......Page 445
20.4.1 Why are Rodents a Problem?......Page 446
20.4.2 Arable Crops......Page 447
20.4.3 Perennial Crops......Page 449
20.4.4 Rodent Outbreaks......Page 450
20.4.6 Public Health......Page 451
20.5.1 Population Ecology and Damage Thresholds......Page 452
20.5.2 Reproduction......Page 453
20.5.3 Habitat Use and Behaviour......Page 454
20.5.4 Adaptability in Agro-Ecosystems......Page 455
20.5.5.2 Trap Index......Page 456
20.6.1 Mechanical Control......Page 457
20.6.3.1 Diseases......Page 458
20.6.4 Botanicals......Page 459
20.6.6.1 Chemosterilants......Page 460
20.6.6.2.1 Acute Rodenticides......Page 461
20.6.6.2.2 Chronic Rodenticides......Page 462
20.7.3 Burrow Fumigation......Page 464
20.8.1 Chemical Control Technology......Page 465
20.8.2 Trap Barrier System (TBS)......Page 466
20.8.5 Community Participation......Page 467
References......Page 468
21.1 Introduction......Page 476
21.2 Cultural Control......Page 477
21.3 Use of Predatory Mites......Page 478
21.4 Feeding Potential......Page 480
21.5 Field Efficacy......Page 481
21.7 Factors Affecting Field Efficacy......Page 482
21.8 Use of Insect Predators......Page 483
21.9 Use of Predators......Page 485
21.11 Use of Botanicals and Other Eco-Friendly Agents......Page 487
21.13 Use of Fungal Pathogens......Page 488
21.14 Virulence and Host Specificity of Isolates......Page 490
21.15 Laboratory Bioassays......Page 491
21.16 Field Applications......Page 492
21.17 Effect of Host Crop on Virulence of Entomopathogenic Fungi......Page 493
21.20 Safety of Beauveria Bassiana......Page 494
21.21 Use of Bacteria......Page 495
21.23 Compatibility of Various Control Measures......Page 496
References......Page 497
22.1 Introduction......Page 508
22.1.1 Historical Background of IPM Extension in Developed Countries......Page 509
22.1.2 Historical Background of IPM Extension in Developing Countries......Page 512
22.2.1 Developed Countries......Page 513
22.2.2 Developing Countries......Page 517
22.2.2.2 China......Page 518
26.3.1 Developing Countries......Page 519
22.3.2.1 India......Page 520
22.3.2.5 Philippines......Page 521
22.4.1 Developed Countries......Page 522
22.5 Extension Strategies Used to Disseminate IPM Technologies......Page 527
22.5.1.2 Field Demonstrations......Page 529
22.5.1.4 Printed Materials......Page 530
22.5.2 Developing Countries......Page 531
22.5.2.6 Reaching a Large Audience......Page 532
22.5.2.8 Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR)......Page 533
22.6 Lessons Learned from Global IPM Extension Efforts......Page 534
22.6.2 Failures of IPM Extension Efforts......Page 536
22.7 Future Strategies for IPM Extension......Page 538
References......Page 539
23.1 Introduction......Page 546
23.3 Historical Development of Biological Control in Crops......Page 547
23.4 Importation Biological Control......Page 550
23.5 Augmentation Biological Control......Page 552
23.6 Conservation Biological Control......Page 555
References......Page 558
Index......Page 564