Integrated Nematode Management: State-of-the-Art and Visions for the Future

Cover
Integrated Nematode Management: State-of-the-art and visions for the future
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword: The need
Foreword: An optimistic vision of integrated nematode management
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter authors
SECTION I:Introduction
	1 Integrated nematode management and crop health: Future challenges and opportunities
		Introduction
			Agroecosystem drivers and constraints
			The big giveaway
		Integrated pest management and integrated nematode management
			Integrated nematode management
			INM now and in the future
			INM – Pillars of strength
			Building blocks – complexity at work
			Prevention
			Crop rotation
			Cultivar selection
			Soil management
			Targeted control
			Monitoring and evaluation
			Sampling
		Decision support systems (DSS)
			Communication
			INM rated by degree of integration
			Biotic equilibrium versus equilibrium shifts
		At the crossroads of change
		The future holistic approaches and collaboration
		Acknowledgements
		References
SECTION II:Field Crops
	2 A triumph of tolerance: Managing the threat to wheat production by the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei in the subtropical grain region of eastern Australia
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments (2050+)
		References
	3 The need for integrated management of the cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp. in Central Western Asia and North Africa
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
			Race problem
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management and optimization
			Crop rotation
			Weed control
			Resistance and tolerance of wheat and barley
			Timing of planting and trap crops
			Crop nutrition and water supply
			Nematicides
			Biological agents
			Tillage
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	4 Cereal cyst nematodes in the western USA
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms
		Damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions
		Management
			Field sanitation
			Detection
			Identification
			Crop rotation
			Genetic resistance and tolerance
			Trap crop
			Biofumigant crop
			Planting date
			Weed control
			Crop nutrition and water supply
			Nematicides
			Biological control
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research and outlook
		References
	5 Impact of plant parasitic nematodes on maize in mid-western USA: An unrecognized or ignored threat to production
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Symptoms of damage
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Status of farm-based integrated nematode management
			Sampling
			Cultural practices
			Cover crops
			Nematode management products
			Resistance and tolerance
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements/ problems of the future
		Outlook: anticipated future developments
		References
	6 Maize and root-knot nematodes: A problematic, deep-seated association
		Introduction
		Economic importance of the nematode
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Knowledge transfer for the unknown
			Nematode management at the farm level
			INM in smallholder agriculture
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	7 Cumulative damage impact of plant parasitic nematodes in smallholder maize cropping systems in East Africa
		Introduction
		Economic importance of plant parasitic nematodes
		Cumulative nematode damage
		Symptoms of damage
		Recommended integrated nematode management programmes
			Host resistance
			Crop rotation
			Cover cropping
			Conservation agriculture
			Application of organic amendments
		Improvements in current nematode management methods
			Improvement of the knowledge base
			Adapting conservation agriculture to the smallholder
			Resistance and tolerance
			Rotations
		Recommendations for future research
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	8 Management of root-knot nematodes in rice
		Introduction
		Nematode parasites of rice
		Economic importance
		Distribution
		Host range
		Symptoms and damage
		Biology and life cycle
			Survival and dissemination
			Population dynamics
			Interaction with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Extension driven knowledge transfer
			Management systems
			Farmers’ practice
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	9 The unseen rice root nematode problem in irrigated rice
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		Literature cited
	10 Pratylenchus in sugarcane: A diminishing problem?
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Sampling and identification
				Nematicides
				Green manure cropping
			Resistant varieties
			Planting and harvesting dates
			Farmer acceptance of INM
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		Acknowledgements
		References
	11 Problems and solutions to integrated nematode management of root-knot, reniform and lesion nematodes in cotton in Brazil
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes or pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Resistance
			Crop rotation
			Green manure crops
			Nematicides
		Future research requirements and an outlook for INM in Brazil
		References
	12 Hoplolaimus columbus: A prime candidate for site-specific management in cotton and soybean production
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	13 Integrated management of Meloidogyne incognita, the most economically damaging pathogen of cotton in the south-eastern United States
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Sampling and thresholds
			Crop rotation and cover crops
			Nematicides
			Resistance
		Optimization of nematode management
		Outlook and future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	14 Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) and its interactions with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Chemical control
		Optimization of nematode management
		Outlook and future research requirements
		References
SECTION III:Legume Crops
	15 Integrated nematode management of root lesion and root-knot nematodes in soybean in Brazil
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology, life cycles and interactions
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Survey of soil densities
			Prevent nematodes entering and spreading
			Fallowing, root destruction and soil management
			Succession or crop rotation
			Cover crops and/or antagonist
			Resistant crops
			Nematicides and biological control
		Optimization of integrated nematode management
		Future research and outlook
		References
	16 Status of soybean cyst nematodes and integrated management in China
		Introduction
		Host range
		Distribution and economic importance
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
			New species
				Races
			Diagnosis of soybean cyst nematode
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM) approaches in China
			Farm size and inputs
			Extension and knowledge transfer
			Resistance evaluation
			Resistant soybean cultivars
			Non-host crop rotation
			Biological control
			Nematode-protectant seed treatments
		Optimization of nematode management
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	17 The soybean cyst nematode: Pervasive and destructive to soybean production in the mid-western United States
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Resistant soybean cultivars
			Non-host crops
			Nematode-protectant seed treatments
		Optimization of integrated nematode management
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	18 Root-knot and reniform nematodes: Double trouble for soybeans in the southern United States
		Introduction
		Economic importance of the nematodes
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Crop rotation
			Resistant cultivars
			Nematicides
			Cover crops
			In summary
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	19 Integrated management of root-knot and other nematodes in food legumes
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
		Optimization of nematode management and future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	20 Sustainable management of major nematode parasites of chickpea and broad bean in the Mediterranean region
		Introduction
			Chickpea
			Broad bean
		Economic importance of the nematodes
			Heterodera ciceri
			Meloidogyne artiellia
			Ditylenchus gigas, D. dipsaci, D. oncogenus
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damages
		Biology and life cycle
			Heterodera ciceri
			Meloidogyne artiellia
			Ditylenchus gigas
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
			Heterodera ciceri
			Meloidogyne artiellia
			Ditylenchus gigas and D. dipsaci
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		Acknowledgements
		References
	21 Managing Meloidogyne arenaria in peanut with old and new tools in the south-eastern USA
		Introduction
		Economic importance of the nematode
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Crop rotation
			Nematicides
			Resistance
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	22 The war against the pod nematode, Ditylenchus africanus, on groundnut in South Africa
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
SECTION IV:Fruit and Nut Crops
	23 Improving the management of plant parasitic nematodes in banana: Integration of technologies and responding to the demand of the consumers and markets
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range and distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interaction with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Dependency on nematicides
		Optimization of nematode management
			Improvement of sampling and damage thresholds
			Remote sensing
			Biological control
			Biological enhancement of tissue culture plantlets
			Rotation between plantation rehabilitation
			Organic amendments
			High-density, short-cycle production
			Resistance and tolerance
			Bio-banana production
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	24 The shifting sands of banana nematode communities under mixed cropping conditions
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	25 Pre-planting solutions for the slow decline of citrus caused by Tylenchulus semipenetrans
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Pre-plant measures
			Post-plant measures
			Biological control
			Agronomic and cultural practices
			Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		References
	26 Sting nematode management in Florida strawberry
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Biology and life cycle
		Symptoms of damage
			Damage assessment and field monitoring
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Resistance
			Weed management
			Deep shank summer broadcast: vertical management zones
			Plastic mulch considerations
			Early crop destruction/crop termination
			Double cropping Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae
			Cover cropping
			Double cropping strawberry
		Outlook: anticipating future research requirements
		References
	27 Ectoparasitic nematodes: Emerging challenges to wine grape production in the Pacific Northwest of North America
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Chemical control options
			Cultural practices
			Rootstocks
		Outlook and future research requirements
		References
	28 Mesocriconema xenoplax predisposes Prunus spp. to bacterial canker
		Introduction
		Distribution
		Economic importance
			Economic importance of bacterial canker hotspots
		Bacterial canker complex
			Complexity 1
			Complexity 2
			Complexity 3
			Complexity 4
			Complexity 5
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Field site 1 Dinuba, California, USA
			Field site 2 Easton, California, USA
			Field site 3 Hanford, California, USA
			Various sites since 2006
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	29 A threat to stone fruit and grape production: Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) transmission by X. americanum s.l. (sensu lato)
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range and distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Outlook and future research requirements
		References
	30 A multi-pronged approach for the management of plant parasitic nematodes in vineyards in South Africa
		Introduction
		Economic importance and distribution
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Prevention
				Regulatory requirements
				Resistance
			Monitoring
			Risk determination
				Decision making
			Intervention
				Fumigation
				Nematicides
				Management
				Fallow
				Cover crops
				Biological control
				Novel chemistry
				Root and soil health
			Conclusion
		Outlook: anticipating future research requirements
		References
	31 Litchi and guava nematode challenges in South Africa: Can we change nematode communities and minimize the problems?
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future development
		References
	32 Pratylenchus vulnus going nuts in California
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptom of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interaction with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipated future developments
		References
	33 The root-knot nematode: Importance and impact on coffee in Brazil
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Distribution
		Host ranges
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Exclusion
			Resistant coffee cultivars
			Monitoring and application of nematicides
			Grafting on resistant cultivars
		Optimization of nematode management
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
SECTION V:Vegetable Crops
	34 A root-knot nematode paradise made in plastic: The case of Florida vegetables
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Pre-plant fumigation and fumigant alternatives
			Non-fumigant nematicides
			Crop rotation and cover crops
			Crop resistance
			Soil management and soil health
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research and outlook
		References
	35 Managing root-knot nematode in open-field and protected tomatoes in India
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Summer solarization
			Nematicidal application
			Crop rotation
			Resistant varieties
			Organic amendments
			Rabbing
			Bioagents
			INM examples for open-field vegetable cropping systems
			INM example for protected cultivation system
		Optimization of nematode management
			Removal of infected plant roots
			Raising nursery plants in protrays
			Use of organic matter fortified with bioagents
			New greener molecules
			Combinations of chemicals and bioagents
			Interculture/rotation with nematode antagonistic crops
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	36 Sustainable control of root-knot nematodes in protected tomatoes in Italy
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
			Sampling for infection intensity
			Nematicides and resistant cultivars
			Biofumigation
			Solarization
			Treatment rotation
		Future research requirement and outlook
		Acknowledgements
		References
	37 Integrated management of root-knot nematodes for cucurbit crops in Southern Europe
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Chemical control
			Plant resistance
			Biosolarization
			Biological control
			Biopesticides
			Cultural management
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	38 The northern root-knot nematode: A forking problem of carrots in Germany
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Rotation
			Sanitation year
			Cover crops
			Non-hosts
			Trap crops
			Biofumigation
			Resistant cover crops
			Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	39 Mitigating a galling problem in California’s carrot production
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	40 Integrated nematode management of Pratylenchus penetrans in onion: A versatile approach to control a versatile nematode
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Prevention of spread
			Proper analysis of the problem
			Crop rotation
			Nematicides
			Inundation and anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD)
			Catch-crop
			Soil compaction
		Optimization of nematode management
			Biofumigation
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	41 Integrated nematode management of Ditylenchus dipsaci in onion: A nematode in a world all on its own
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Prevention, hygiene and field inventory
			Crop rotation
			Inundation and anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD)
			Additional measures
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments:
		References
	42 Lowering quality damage in open-field vegetables caused by Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax in the Low Countries
		Introduction
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Economic impact
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Prevention
			Crop rotation
			Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	43 Face to face: How Paratylenchus bukowinensis deals with vegetables
		Introduction
			Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
			Temperature
			Natural decline
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
SECTION VI:Root and Tuber Crops
	44 The need for new approaches for management of potato cyst nematodes: The view from the Rhineland-Palatinate
		Introduction
		Distribution
		Economic importance
		Host range
			Pathotypes
		Distribution
			The type of potato is the problem in Germany
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Government regulations
			Rotation
			Resistant cultivars
			Nematicides
		Optimization of nematode management
			Hotspots
			Field passport
			Alternative management methods
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	45 Transporters of trouble: Trichodorids and Tobacco rattle virus in potatoes
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook – anticipating future developments
		References
	46 Will the Globodera pallida epidemic signal the end of the seed potato industry in Scotland?
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Decline rates, rotation length and groundkeepers
			Nematicides
			Biofumigants
			Trap crops
			Resistant varieties
			Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements and outlook
		References
	47 Integrated nematode management of root-knot and root lesion nematodes in Idaho potatoes: Major economic limiting factors
		Introduction
		Symptoms of damage of root-knot nematodes
		Distribution of root-knot nematodes
		Host range of root-knot nematodes
		Recommended integrated root-knot nematode management
		Distribution of root lesion nematodes
		Symptoms of damage of root lesion nematodes
		Interactions of root lesion nematodes with other pathogens
		Recommended integrated root lesion nematode management
			Crop rotation and green manure crops
			Nematicides
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future
		Acknowledgement
		References
	48 Integrated management of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax in potato: A complicated agronomical puzzle in the Netherlands and Belgium
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Prevention
			Inventory
			Crop rotation
			Additional measures
				Nematicides
				Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD)
				Inundation (flooding)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	49 Economic importance of the potato tuber nematode Ditylenchus destructor in Russia
		Introduction
		Economic significance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Biology and life cycle
			Symptoms of damage
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
			Smallholder farmers
			Commercial large holder farmers
		Optimization of nematode management
			Preventive action
				Detection
				Quarantine regulation
				Farm hygiene
				Weed control
				Soil and plant inspection
			Control action
				Crop rotation
				Seed stock
				Resistance
				Nematicides
				Biological nematicides
		Future research requirements
			Breeding
			Seed quality
			New technologies in plant protection
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	50 Pratylenchus penetrans and the potato early dying disease
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	51 Modifying a productive sweet potato farming system in Australia to improve soil health and reduce losses from root-knot nematode
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Distribution and host range
		Symptoms of damage
		Recommended integrated nematode management
			Farming systems and their impact on soil health
			Field trials with more sustainable sweet potato farming systems
		The results: minimum till sweet potato production is feasible
			Organic amendments for nematode control
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	52 Importance and integrated nematode management of the yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys) in yam cropping systems of West Africa
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	53 The resilient cassava: Undermined by root-knot nematodes
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management (INM)
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	54 The stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci in sugar beet: A species of extremes
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range
		Distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	55 The beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii): An ancient threat to sugar beet crops in Central Europe has become an invisible actor
		Introduction
		Economic importance
		Host range and distribution
		Symptoms of damage
		Biology and life cycle
		Interactions with other nematodes and pathogens
		Recommended integrated nematode management
		Optimization of nematode management
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
SECTION VII:Emerging Technologies
	56 Let’s be inclusive – the time of looking at individual plant parasitic nematodes is over, and new technologies allow for it
		Introduction
		State of the art
			Nematode identification
			The soil biome
		Methodology
			Nematode identification in soil
			Microbial community identification in soil
			Activity of microbiome
		Pros and cons
		Outlook: a vision of the future
		References
	57 Nematode management through genome editing
		Introduction
		State of the art and methodology
			Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS)
			Expression of Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis
			CRISPR: genome editing for nematode resistance
		Outlook: a vision of the future
		References
	58 Emerging technologies for integrated nematode management: Remote sensing or proximal sensing as a potential tool to detect and identify nematode infestation
		Introduction
			Remote and proximal sensing in plant science
			Symptom development: physiological reactions influencing optical characteristics in nematode infested plants
		State of the art
			Remote sensing with satellites: the opportunity for retrospective analysis and field planning
			Robots and drones: flexible in-field assessment
			Analysis and interpretation of remote-sensing data
			Case studies
		Outlook: a vision for the future
		References
	59 Implementing precision agriculture concepts and technologies into crop production and site-specific management of nematodes
		Introduction
		Strategies for the development of management zones
		Evolution of application technologies needed for SSVR applications
		Assessing nematode damage from multispectral images
		Field experiences with site-specific nematode management
		Economic importance of precision agriculture technology
		Future research requirements
		Outlook: anticipating future developments
		References
	60 Decision support systems in integrated nematode management: The need for a holistic approach
		Governmental databases
		Knowledge databases of universities and extension services
		Decision support tools
			Soil sensors
				Nematool
				LoRa Soil sensor
			Remote sensing
			Predictive models
		Decision support systems
			Akkerweb/FarmMaps
			NemaDecide
			Best4Soil
		Pros and cons
		Outlook: a vision of the future
			Prevention
			Cultivar choice and crop rotation
			Targeted control
			Monitoring and remote sensing
			Molecular soil biodiversity tracking
			Holistic crop and field management systems
		References
	61 What does it take to develop a nematicide today and for the future?
		Introduction
		Building on the history of nematicides
		Methodology
			What does it take to develop a modern nematicide?
			Robustness in the field and regional fit
			Internal education is essential and a key enabler for the development and launch of a new compound
			Final requirements for product delivery to the market
			Pros and cons
		Chemical nematicides and integrated nematode management
		Visions of the future
			Prediction models, crop rotations, cultivation system adaptation and breeding will support chemical nematicides in nematode management in the future
			Application and formulation technology trends
		Outlook: nematicide development trends
		References
	62 Critical terms during development and commercialization of microbial agents for the control of plant parasitic nematodes
		Introduction
		Health and ecological concerns
		Production techniques
		Efficacy of the product at field conditions
		Field application protocols
		Shelf life of the final product
		Registration
		Vision of the future: biocontrol overtakes chemical control
		Epilogue
		Acknowledgements
		References
Section VIII:Constraints
	63 Technologies for integrated nematode management in smallholder farming systems: No one-size-fits-all
		Introduction
		Epidemiologic perspective
		Diagnostics and surveillance
		Plant resistance
		Breeding for nematode resistance
		Seed delivery system and clean planting material
		Alternate host and infield spread
		Land availability and rotations
		Trap crops
		Cover crops for nematode suppression
		Nematicides
		Biological control
		Outlook: a vision for the future
		References
	64 The unpredictability of adapting integrated nematode management to climate variability
		Introduction
		Climate change and climate variability in the context of INM
		Climate impacts on agricultural crops
		Critical climate change hotspots
		Climate and nematode biological processes
		Degree-days and nematode development
		Plant parasitic nematodes as research models
		Immediate priorities for improved near-term climate risk management within INM
		Outlook: conclusions
		References
Section IX:Conclusion
	65 Outlook: A vision of the future of integrated nematode management
		A new look at chemical control in the future
		Biological control growing up
		From the field to the seed
		Lack of and need for resistance breeding
		Suppressive soil and antagonistic potential
		Climate change adaption
		Regional and site-specific approach
		Loss of nematology positions
		INM programmes recommended versus that followed by farmers
		Final remarks
		References
Index
Back Cover