Integrated Electronic Circuits

Preface
Abbreviations
Contents
Chapter 1: Circuits and Signals
	1.1 Sample Applications
		1.1.1 Embedded System with Sensors and Actuators
		1.1.2 Power Supply: AC-DC Conversion
		1.1.3 Communications
	1.2 Information Content in Signals
	1.3 Voltage and Current Domains
	1.4 Vertical Circuits
	1.5 Unit Conversion and Logarithmic Scales
	1.6 Feedback Basics
	1.7 Miller´s Theorem
Chapter 2: Basic Applications
	2.1 Regarding Specifications
	2.2 Amplify
		2.2.1 Regular Amplifiers
			2.2.1.1 Behavioral Modeling
			2.2.1.2 Non-idealities
		2.2.2 Operational Amplifiers and Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
			2.2.2.1 Behavioral Modeling
			2.2.2.2 Basic Configurations
	2.3 Filter
		2.3.1 General Description
		2.3.2 Specifications
		2.3.3 Transfer Function and Implementation
			2.3.3.1 Low-Pass Filter
			2.3.3.2 High-Pass Filter
			2.3.3.3 General Filter
			2.3.3.4 All-Pass Filter
	2.4 Switch and Compute
Chapter 3: Diodes
	3.1 Diode Models
		3.1.1 Forward Region Diode Models
			3.1.1.1 Diode Model 1: Constant-Voltage Drop (C-VD) Model
			3.1.1.2 Diode Model 2: Variable-Voltage Drop (V-VD) Model
			3.1.1.3 Diode Model 3: Exponential Model
		3.1.2 Reverse and Breakdown Regions Diode Model
		3.1.3 Additional Notes Regarding the Diode Modeling
			3.1.3.1 Temperature Effects
			3.1.3.2 Capacitive Effects
	3.2 Diode Applications
		3.2.1 Clipping
		3.2.2 Rectification
			3.2.2.1 Half-Wave Rectifier
			3.2.2.2 Bridge Rectifier
			3.2.2.3 Peak Rectifier
		3.2.3 Clamped Capacitor (DC Restorer)
		3.2.4 AC-to-DC Voltage Multiplication
		3.2.5 DC-to-DC Conversion
			3.2.5.1 Buck-Boost Converter
			3.2.5.2 Dickson Charge Pump
		3.2.6 DC Voltage Stabilization
		3.2.7 Lighting
		3.2.8 Photodetection
		3.2.9 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection
		3.2.10 Temperature Measurements
		3.2.11 Variable Capacitance
Chapter 4: Transistors
	4.1 Transistor Models
	4.2 Transistor Example 1: MOSFET
		4.2.1 MOSFET Large-Signal Model
			4.2.1.1 MOSFET Large-Signal Model: Saturation Region
			4.2.1.2 MOSFET Large-Signal Model: Triode Region
		4.2.2 MOSFET Small-Signal Model
			4.2.2.1 MOSFET Small-Signal Model: Saturation Region
			4.2.2.2 MOSFET Small-Signal Model: Triode Region
	4.3 Transistor Example 2: BJT
		4.3.1 BJT Large-Signal Model: Forward Active Region
		4.3.2 BJT Small-Signal Model: Forward Active Region
	4.4 Transistor Characterization
		4.4.1 Large-Signal Parameters
		4.4.2 Small-Signal Parameters
	4.5 Basic Circuits and Applications
		4.5.1 Switches
		4.5.2 Logic Gates
		4.5.3 Resistors: Small Signal
		4.5.4 Current Sources
		4.5.5 Diodes
		4.5.6 Amplifiers: Small Signal
		4.5.7 Capacitors
		4.5.8 Active Inductors
		4.5.9 Negative Capacitances and Inductances
Chapter 5: Technology and Limitations
	5.1 System Overview
	5.2 IC Overview
	5.3 Integrated Devices
	5.4 Semiconductor Manufacturing and the Foundry Ecosystem
	5.5 Process Variations and Corners
	5.6 Parasitics, Electromigration, and IR Drop
	5.7 Reliability and Aging
	5.8 Past, Present, and Future Trends
Chapter 6: IC Design Flow
	6.1 Design Flow
	6.2 Transistor Models
	6.3 Corner and Statistical Simulations
	6.4 Implementation Considerations
		6.4.1 Dealing with Connection Parasitics
		6.4.2 Splitting a Transistor into Fingers
		6.4.3 Matching Devices
		6.4.4 Shielding and Guard Rings
Chapter 7: Single-Ended Amplifiers
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Common-Source (CS) Configuration
		7.2.1 Common-Source DC Analysis
		7.2.2 Common-Source AC Small-Signal Analysis
	7.3 Common-Gate (CG) Configuration
		7.3.1 Common-Gate DC Analysis
		7.3.2 Common-Gate AC Small-Signal Analysis
	7.4 Common-Drain (CD) Configuration
		7.4.1 Common-Drain DC Analysis
		7.4.2 Common-Drain AC Small-Signal Analysis
	7.5 Performance Summary
	7.6 Cascaded Amplifiers and Transistor Pairing
		7.6.1 Example 1: 2-Stage Cascade
		7.6.2 Example 2: 3-Stage Cascade
		7.6.3 Example 3: 2-Stage Vertical Cascade (Cascode)
		7.6.4 Example 4: BJT Transistor Pairing
		7.6.5 Example 5: MOSFET- BJT Transistor Pairing
Chapter 8: Logic Circuits
	8.1 Introduction to Logic Circuit Families
	8.2 General Properties
		8.2.1 Voltage-Transfer Characteristic
		8.2.2 Transition Time
		8.2.3 Noise Margins
		8.2.4 Power Consumption: Dynamic
	8.3 Static Logic
		8.3.1 Ratioed Logic
			8.3.1.1 Ratioed Logic: Voltage-Transfer Characteristic
			8.3.1.2 Ratioed Logic: Transition Time
			8.3.1.3 Ratioed Logic: Sample Gates
		8.3.2 Complementary (CMOS) Logic
			8.3.2.1 CMOS Logic: Voltage-Transfer Characteristic
			8.3.2.2 CMOS Logic: Transition Time
			8.3.2.3 CMOS Logic: Sample Gates
		8.3.3 Pass-Transistor Logic
	8.4 Dynamic Logic
Chapter 9: Differential Structures
	9.1 Electrical Noise
	9.2 Introduction to Differential Structures
	9.3 Differential Amplifiers
		9.3.1 Differential-to-Differential Amplifier
			9.3.1.1 Common-Mode DC Behavior (Biasing Point)
			9.3.1.2 Common-Mode AC Small-Signal Behavior (Noise)
			9.3.1.3 Differential-Mode Small-Signal Behavior (Data)
			9.3.1.4 Behavior in the Presence of Mismatches
			9.3.1.5 Output Common-Mode Stabilization
		9.3.2 Differential-to-Single-Ended Amplifier
			9.3.2.1 Common-Mode AC Small-Signal Behavior (Noise)
			9.3.2.2 Differential-Mode Small-Signal Behavior
	9.4 Differential Logic Circuits
Chapter 10: Voltage Regulators and Converters, Reference and Bias Circuits
	10.1 Power Distribution Overview
	10.2 Voltage Regulators and Converters
		10.2.1 Linear Voltage Regulators
		10.2.2 Switching Converters (With Inductors)
			10.2.2.1 Buck Converters
			10.2.2.2 Boost Converters
			10.2.2.3 Buck-Boost Converters
		10.2.3 Switched-Capacitor Converters (Without Inductors)
			10.2.3.1 Buck Switched-Capacitor Converters
			10.2.3.2 Boost Switched-Capacitor Converters
	10.3 Reference Circuits
		10.3.1 Simple Voltage Reference
		10.3.2 Bandgap Voltage Reference
	10.4 Bias Circuits
		10.4.1 Simple Current Source
		10.4.2 Improved Current Sources
		10.4.3 Biasing a Complete Integrated Circuit
	10.5 Power Distribution for Digital Circuits
Chapter 11: Output Stages
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Performance Parameters
	11.3 Classes: Introduction
	11.4 Class A
		11.4.1 Class A Output and Input Voltage Range
		11.4.2 Class A Transfer Characteristic and Linearity
		11.4.3 Class A Power Consumption, Power Dissipation, and Efficiency
	11.5 Class B
		11.5.1 Class B Output and Input Voltage Range
		11.5.2 Class B Transfer Characteristic and Linearity
		11.5.3 Class B Power Consumption, Power Dissipation, and Efficiency
	11.6 Class AB
		11.6.1 Class AB Output and Input Voltage Range
		11.6.2 Class AB Transfer Characteristic and Linearity
		11.6.3 Class AB Power Consumption, Power Dissipation, and Efficiency
Chapter 12: Mixed-Signal Circuits
	12.1 Comparators
	12.2 Switched-Capacitor Circuits
	12.3 Sample-and-Hold Circuits
	12.4 Data Converters
		12.4.1 Digital-to-Analog Converters
		12.4.2 Analog-to-Digital Converters
	12.5 Oscillators and Phase-Locked Loops
Index