Instrumentation and Control Systems

Title-page_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Instrumentation and Control Systems
Copyright_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Copyright
Contents_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Contents
Preface_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Preface
		Structure of the Book
		Performance Outcomes
		Software Tools
		Changes for the 3rd edition
Acknowledgement_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Acknowledgement
Chapter-1---Measurement-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	1 Measurement Systems
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 Systems
		1.2 Instrumentation Systems
			1.2.1 The Constituent Elements of an Instrumentation System
		1.3 Performance Terms
			1.3.1 Resolution, Accuracy, and Error
			1.3.2 Range
			1.3.3 Precision, Repeatability, and Reproducibility
			1.3.4 Sensitivity
			1.3.5 Stability
			1.3.6 Dynamic Characteristics
		1.4 Dependability
			1.4.1 Reliability
		1.5 Requirements
			1.5.1 Calibration
			1.5.2 Safety Systems
		Problems
Chapter-2---Instrumentation-System-Elem_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Sys
	2 Instrumentation System Elements
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Displacement Sensors
			2.2.1 Potentiometer
			2.2.2 Strain-Gauged Element
			2.2.3 Capacitive Element
			2.2.4 Linear Variable Differential Transformer
			2.2.5 Optical Encoders
			2.2.6 Moiré Fringes
			2.2.7 Optical Proximity Sensors
			2.2.8 Mechanical Switches
			2.2.9 Capacitive Proximity Sensor
			2.2.10 Inductivity Proximity Sensor
		2.3 Speed Sensors
			2.3.1 Optical Methods
			2.3.2 Incremental Encoder
			2.3.3 Tachogenerator
		2.4 Fluid Pressure Sensors
			2.4.1 Diaphragm Sensor
			2.4.2 Piezoelectric Sensor
			2.4.3 Bourdon Tube
		2.5 Fluid Flow
			2.5.1 Differential Pressure Methods
			2.5.2 Turbine Meter
			2.5.3 Ultrasonic Time of Flight Flow Meter
			2.5.4 Vortex Flow Rate Method
			2.5.5 Coriolis Flow Meter
		2.6 Liquid Level
			2.6.1 Floats
			2.6.2 Displacer Gauge
			2.6.3 Differential Pressure
			2.6.4 Load Cell
			2.6.5 Electrical Conductivity Level Indicator
			2.6.6 Capacitive Level Indicator
			2.6.7 Ultrasonic Level Gauge
			2.6.8 Nucleonic Level Indicators
		2.7 Temperature Sensors
			2.7.1 Bimetallic Strips
			2.7.2 Liquid in Glass Thermometers
			2.7.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
			2.7.4 Thermistors
			2.7.5 Thermocouples
			2.7.6 Thermodiodes and Transistors
			2.7.7 Pyrometers
		2.8 Sensor Selection
		2.9 Signal Processing
			2.9.1 Resistance to Voltage Converter
			2.9.2 Temperature Compensation
			2.9.3 Thermocouple Compensation
			2.9.4 Protection
			2.9.5 Analogue-to-Digital Conversions
			2.9.6 Digital-to-Analogue Conversions
			2.9.7 Microcontroller Systems
			2.9.8 Op-Amps
			2.9.9 Pressure-to-Current Converter
		2.10 Signal Transmission
			2.10.1 Noise
		2.11 Smart Systems
			2.11.1 MEMS
		2.12 Data Presentation Element
			2.12.1 Indicator
			2.12.2 Illuminative Displays
			2.12.3 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
			2.12.4 Data Loggers
			2.12.5 Printers
		Problems
Chapter-3---Measurement-Case-Studies_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-System
	3 Measurement Case Studies
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Case Studies
			3.2.1 A Temperature Measurement
			3.2.2 An Absolute Pressure Measurement
			3.2.3 Detection of the Angular Position of a Shaft
			3.2.4 Air Flow Rate Determination
			3.2.5 Fluid Level Monitoring
			3.2.6 Measurement of Relative Humidity
			3.2.7 Dimension Checking
			3.2.8 Temperature of a Furnace
			3.2.9 Automobile Tyre Pressure Monitoring
			3.2.10 Control System Sensors with Automobiles
		3.3 Data Acquisition Systems
			3.3.1 Data Acquisition Software
			3.3.2 Data Loggers
		3.4 Testing
			3.4.1 Maintenance
			3.4.2 Common Faults
		Problems
Chapter-4---Control-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	4 Control Systems
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Control Systems
			4.2.1 Open- and Closed-Loop Control
		4.3 Basic Elements
			4.3.1 Basic Elements of a Closed-Loop System
		4.4 Case Studies
			4.4.1 Control of the Speed of Rotation of a Motor Shaft
			4.4.2 Control of the Position of a Tool
			4.4.3 Power Steering
			4.4.4 Control of Fuel Pressure
			4.4.5 Antilock Brakes
			4.4.6 Thickness Control
			4.4.7 Control of Liquid Level
			4.4.8 Robot Gripper
			4.4.9 Machine Tool Control
			4.4.10 Fluid Flow Control
		4.5 Discrete-Time Control Systems
		4.6 Digital Control Systems
		4.7 Hierarchical Control
		Problems
Chapter-5---Process-Controllers_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	5 Process Controllers
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Direct and Reverse Actions
			5.1.2 Dead Time
			5.1.3 Capacitance
		5.2 On–Off Control
			5.2.1 Relays
		5.3 Proportional Control
			5.3.1 Proportional Band
			5.3.2 Limitations of Proportional Control
		5.4 Derivative Control
			5.4.1 PD Control
		5.5 Integral Control
			5.5.1 PI Control
		5.6 PID Control
			5.6.1 PID Process Controller
		5.7 Tuning
			5.7.1 Process Reaction Tuning Method
			5.7.2 Ultimate Cycle Tuning Method
			5.7.3 Quarter Amplitude Decay
			5.7.4 Lambda Tuning
			5.7.5 Software Tools
			5.7.6 Adaptive Controllers
		5.8 Digital Systems
			5.8.1 Embedded Systems
		5.9 Fuzzy Logic Control
			5.9.1 Fuzzy Logic
			5.9.2 Fuzzy Logic Control Systems
			5.9.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller
			5.9.4 Fuzzy Logic Tuning of PID Controllers
		5.10 Neural Networks
			5.10.1 Neural Networks for Control
		Problems
Chapter-6---Correction-Elements_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	6 Correction Elements
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 The Range of Actuators
		6.2 Pneumatic and Hydraulic Systems
			6.2.1 Current to Pressure Converter
			6.2.2 Pressure Sources
			6.2.3 Control Valves
			6.2.4 Actuators
		6.3 Directional Control Valves
			6.3.1 Sequencing
			6.3.2 Shuttle Valve
		6.4 Flow Control Valves
			6.4.1 Forms of Plug
			6.4.2 Rangeability and Turndown
			6.4.3 Control Valve Sizing
			6.4.4 Valve Positioners
			6.4.5 Other Forms of Flow Control Valves
			6.4.6 Fail-Safe Design
		6.5 Motors
			6.5.1 D.C. Motors
			6.5.2 Brushless Permanent Magnet D.C. Motor
			6.5.3 Stepper Motor
		6.6 Case Studies
			6.6.1 A Liquid Level Process Control System
			6.6.2 Milling Machine Control System
			6.6.3 A Robot Control System
		Problems
Chapter-7---PLC-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	7 PLC Systems
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Logic Gates
			7.2.1 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
		7.3 PLC System
		7.4 PLC Programming
			7.4.1 Logic Gates
			7.4.2 Latching
			7.4.3 Internal Relays
			7.4.4 Timers
			7.4.5 Counters
		7.5 Testing and Debugging
		7.6 Case Studies
			7.6.1 Signal Lamp to Monitor Operations
			7.6.2 Cyclic Movement of a Piston
			7.6.3 Sequential Movement of Pistons
			7.6.4 Central Heating System
		Problems
Chapter-8---System-Models_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	8 System Models
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Static Response
			8.1.2 Dynamic Response
		8.2 Gain
			8.2.1 Gain of Systems in Series
			8.2.2 Feedback Loops
		8.3 Dynamic Systems
			8.3.1 Mechanical Systems
			8.3.2 Rotational Systems
			8.3.3 Electrical Systems
			8.3.4 Thermal Systems
			8.3.5 Hydraulic Systems
		8.4 Differential Equations
			8.4.1 First-Order Differential Equations
			8.4.2 Second-Order Differential Equations
			8.4.3 System Identification
		Problems
Chapter-9---Transfer-Function_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	9 Transfer Function
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Transfer Function
			9.2.1 Transfer Function
			9.2.2 Transfer Functions of Common System Elements
			9.2.3 Transfer Functions and Systems
		9.3 System Transfer Functions
			9.3.1 Systems in Series
			9.3.2 Systems with Feedback
		9.4 Block Manipulation
			9.4.1 Blocks in Series
			9.4.2 Moving Takeoff Points
			9.4.3 Moving a Summing Point
			9.4.4 Changing Feedback and Forward Paths
		9.5 Multiple Inputs
		9.6 Sensitivity
			9.6.1 Sensitivity to Changes in Parameters
			9.6.2 Sensitivity to Disturbances
		Problems
Chapter-10---System-Response_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	10 System Response
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Inputs
		10.3 Determining Outputs
			10.3.1 Partial Fractions
		10.4 First-Order Systems
			10.4.1 First-Order System Parameters
		10.5 Second-Order Systems
			10.5.1 Second-Order System Parameters
		10.6 Stability
			10.6.1 The s Plane
		10.7 Steady-State Error
		Problems
Chapter-11---Frequency-Response_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	11 Frequency Response
		11.1 Introduction
			11.1.1 Sinusoidal Signals
			11.1.2 Complex Numbers
		11.2 Sinusoidal Inputs
			11.2.1 Frequency Response Function
			11.2.2 Frequency Response for First-Order Systems
			11.2.3 Frequency Response for Second-Order Systems
		11.3 Bode Plots
			11.3.1 Transfer Function a Constant K
			11.3.2 Transfer Function 1/sn
			11.3.3 Transfer Function sm
			11.3.4 Transfer Function 1/(1+τs)
			11.3.5 Transfer Function (1+τs)
			11.3.6 Transfer Function ωn2/(s2+2ζωns+ωn2)
			11.3.7 Transfer Function (s2+2ζωns+ωn2)/ωn2
		11.4 System Identification
		11.5 Stability
			11.5.1 Stability Measures
		11.6 Compensation
			11.6.1 Changing the Gain
			11.6.2 Phase-Lead Compensation
			11.6.3 Phase-Lag Compensation
		Problems
Chapter-12---Nyquist-Diagrams_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	12 Nyquist Diagrams
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 The Polar Plot
			12.2.1 Nyquist Diagrams
		12.3 Stability
		12.4 Relative Stability
		Problems
Chapter-13---Control-Systems_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	13 Control Systems
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Controllers
			13.2.1 Proportional Steady-State Offset
			13.2.2 Disturbance Rejection
			13.2.3 Integral Wind-Up
			13.2.4 Bumpless Transfer
		13.3 Frequency Response
		13.4 Systems with Dead Time
		13.5 Cascade Control
		13.6 Feedforward Control
		13.7 Digital Control Systems
			13.7.1 The z-Transform
			13.7.2 The Digital Transfer Function G(z)
			13.7.3 PID Controller
			13.7.4 Software Implementation of PID Control
		13.8 Control Networks
			13.8.1 Data Transmission
			13.8.2 Networks
			13.8.3 Control Area Network (CAN)
			13.8.4 Automated Assembly Lines
			13.8.5 Automated Process Plant Networks
			13.8.6 PLC Networks
			13.8.7 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
			13.8.8 The Common Industrial Protocol (CIP)
			13.8.9 Security Issues
		Problems
Answers_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Answers
		Chapter 1
		Chapter 2
		Chapter 3
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 5
		Chapter 6
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9
		Chapter 10
		Chapter 11
		Chapter 12
		Chapter 13
Appendix-A---Errors_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Appendix A Errors
		A.1 Measurement Errors
		A.2 Random Errors
			A.2.1 Mean Values
			A.2.2 Standard Deviation
			A.2.3 Error of a Mean
		A.3 Combination of Errors
			A.3.1 Errors When Adding Quantities
			A.3.2 Errors When Subtracting Quantities
			A.3.3 Errors When Multiplying Quantities
			A.3.4 Errors When Dividing Quantities
Appendix-B---Differential-Equations_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Appendix B Differential Equations
		B.1 Differential Equations
		B.2 Solving Differential Equations
			B.2.1 Solving a First-Order Differential Equation
			B.2.2 Complementary Function and Particular Integral
			B.2.3 Solving a Second-Order Differential Equation
Appendix-C---Laplace-Transform_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Appendix C Laplace Transform
		C.1 The Laplace Transform
		C.2 Obtaining the Transform
			C.2.1 Properties of the Laplace Transform
			C.2.2 Initial and Final Values
		C.3 The Inverse Transform
		C.4 Solving Differential Equations
Appendix-D---The-z-Transform_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Appendix D The z-Transform
		D.1 The z-Transform
			D.1.1 The z and Laplace Transforms
			D.1.2 Properties of the z-Transform
			D.1.3 Some Important z-Transforms
		D.2 The Inverse z-Transform
Index_2021_Instrumentation-and-Control-Systems
	Index