Insect Pests of Potato: Global Perspectives on Biology and Management

Front Cover
Insect Pests of Potato
Insect Pests of Potato: Global Perspectives on Biology and Management
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Contents
List of contributors
Preface
I -  Potato as an important staple crop
	1 - Potatoes and their pests: setting the stage
		1.1 History and present status
		1.2 Potatoes and human civilization
		1.3 Insect pests
		1.4 Meeting the challenge
		References
	2 - Growing potatoes
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Geographic distribution
		2.3 Climate requirements
		2.4 Soil requirements
		2.5 Soil reaction (pH)
		2.6 Major inputs: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and organic matter
		2.7 Irrigation requirements
		2.8 Seed planting depth, spacing, and hilling
		2.9 Time to maturity
		2.10 Types of cultivars
		2.11 Remote sensing
		References
	3 - Economic considerations in potato production
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Economics of seed pricing and production
			3.2.1 Pricing
			3.2.2 Seed production
		3.3 Frozen processed potatoes
			3.3.1 Market structure
			3.3.2 Frozen processed contract negotiations and complications
			3.3.3 Frozen processed contract parameters
		3.4 Potato chips
		3.5 Fresh potatoes
			3.5.1 Market structure
			3.5.2 Grading and packing
			3.5.3 Bargaining associations in the fresh potato industry
		3.6 Storage economics
			3.6.1 Fixed costs
			3.6.2 Storage variable costs
			3.6.3 Understanding shrinkage
			3.6.4 Other storage variable costs
			3.6.5 Monthly break-even points
		3.7 US potato consumption trends
		3.8 Potato demand
			3.8.1 Population size and distribution
			3.8.2 Consumer income
			3.8.3 Other goods
				3.8.3.1 Substitutes
				3.8.3.2 Complements
			3.8.4 Consumer tastes and preferences
		3.9 Global trends and future prospects for potato demand in developing countries
		References
II - Biology of major pests
	4 - Colorado potato beetle
		4.1 Taxonomy and morphological description
		4.2 Origins and history of spread
		4.3 Genetic variability
		4.4 Pest status and yield loss
		4.5 Seasonal life cycle and diapause
		4.6 Interactions with host plants
		4.7 Reproduction and individual development
		4.8 Movement and dispersal
		4.9 Management implications
		References
	5 - Aphids
		5.1 Basic biology
			5.1.1 Taxonomy
			5.1.2 Morphology
			5.1.3 Life cycles
			5.1.4 Diversity of aphids affecting potato
			5.1.5 Population growth and regulation
			5.1.6 Movement and dispersal
		5.2 Interactions with host plants
			5.2.1 Host finding, recognition, and acceptance
			5.2.2 Phloem feeding
			5.2.3 Overcoming plant defenses
			5.2.4 Social facilitation
		5.3 Virus transmission
		5.4 Management approaches
			5.4.1 Monitoring aphid populations
			5.4.2 Aphid control versus virus control
			5.4.3 Manipulation of crop borders
			5.4.4 Mineral oils
		5.5 Summary and future directions
		References
	6 - Psyllids
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli)
			6.2.1 Identification
			6.2.2 Geographic distribution
			6.2.3 Biology and ecology
				6.2.3.1 Host range
				6.2.3.2 Haplotypes
				6.2.3.3 Lifecycle and reproductive biology
				6.2.3.4 Phenology
			6.2.4 Damage
				6.2.4.1 Psyllid yellows
				6.2.4.2 Zebra chip disease
					6.2.4.2.1 Symptoms
					6.2.4.2.2 Liberibacter, the putative causal agent of ZC
					6.2.4.2.3 Lso haplotypes
					6.2.4.2.4 Geographic distribution
					6.2.4.2.5 Epidemiology
					6.2.4.2.6 Economic impact
			6.2.5 Management
				6.2.5.1 Monitoring
				6.2.5.2 Insecticides
				6.2.5.3 Cultural and physical control
				6.2.5.4 Biological control
				6.2.5.5 Host plant resistance
		6.3 Other psyllids
			6.3.1 Bactericera nigricornis
			6.3.2 Russelliana solanicola
			6.3.3 Acizzia spp.
		6.4 Final remarks
		References
	7 - Wireworms as pests of potato
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Elaterid biology
			7.2.1 Wireworm diversity
			7.2.2 Identification
				7.2.2.1 Identifications based on larval morphology
				7.2.2.2 Molecular approaches
				7.2.2.3 Pheromone-based approaches
		7.3 Species of economic importance in the holarctic
			7.3.1 Pacific Northwest, Montana, California
			7.3.2 Midwestern USA
			7.3.3 Mid-Atlantic, Central Eastern USA
			7.3.4 Southeastern USA
			7.3.5 Northeastern USA
			7.3.6 Canada, Alaska
			7.3.7 Russia and Eastern Europe
			7.3.8 Western and Central Europe
			7.3.9 Asia
		7.4 Differences within economic species
			7.4.1 Mating, oviposition, and larval development
			7.4.2 Larval activity
			7.4.3 Preferences in soil type and soil moisture content
			7.4.4 Feeding preferences
		7.5 Wireworms and the potato crop
		7.6 Sampling
			7.6.1 Wireworm sampling and risk assessment
				7.6.1.1 Absolute sampling methods
				7.6.1.2 Relative sampling methods
				7.6.1.3 Absolute versus relative sampling
				7.6.1.4 Timing of sampling in potato fields
				7.6.1.5 Habitat and risk to potatoes
			7.6.2 Click beetle sampling
				7.6.2.1 Pheromone traps
				7.6.2.2 In-field click beetle monitoring
				7.6.2.3 Field headland click beetle monitoring
				7.6.2.4 Other click beetle trapping systems
		7.7 Wireworm control
			7.7.1 Cultural methods
				7.7.1.1 Crop avoidance and rotation
				7.7.1.2 Cultivation
				7.7.1.3 Soil amendments
				7.7.1.4 Potato varietal tolerance
				7.7.1.5 Early harvest
			7.7.2 Chemical methods
				7.7.2.1 Wireworm controls
				7.7.2.2 Organochlorines
				7.7.2.3 Organophosphates and carbamates
				7.7.2.4 Neonicotinoids
				7.7.2.5 Synthetic pyrethroids
				7.7.2.6 Phenylpyrazols
				7.7.2.7 Diamides
				7.7.2.8 Meta diamides
				7.7.2.9 Insecticide combinations
				7.7.2.10 Click beetle controls
			7.7.3 Biological controls
				7.7.3.1 Predators
				7.7.3.2 Microbial pathogens
				7.7.3.3 Nematodes
			7.7.4 Semiochemical controls
		7.8 Conclusions
		References
	8 - Potato tuberworm∗
		8.1 Taxonomy of P. operculella and other “tuberworms”
		8.2 Phthorimaea operculella distribution around the world
			8.2.1 America
			8.2.2 Asia and Australasia
			8.2.3 Europe
		8.3 Host range
		8.4 Life cycle
			8.4.1 Adults
			8.4.2 Eggs
			8.4.3 Larvae
			8.4.4 Pupae
		8.5 Life table
		8.6 Damage in the field
		8.7 Damage from field to storage
		8.8 Developmental thresholds and temperatures
		8.9 Monitoring Phthorimaea operculella
			8.9.1 Pheromones
			8.9.2 Trapping
		8.10 Integrated pest management of P. operculella
			8.10.1 Cultural control
				8.10.1.1 Elimination of volunteer potatoes and cull piles
				8.10.1.2 Rolling potatoes
				8.10.1.3 Vine killing
				8.10.1.4 Soil moisture
			8.10.2 Biological control
				8.10.2.1 Parasitoids
				8.10.2.2 Predators
				8.10.2.3 Nematodes
				8.10.2.4 Pathogens
			8.10.3 Chemical control
			8.10.4 Control in storage
			8.10.5 Plant resistance
		8.11 Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	9 - Hemipterans, other than aphids and psyllids affecting potatoes worldwide
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Leafhoppers
			9.2.1 Empoasca fabae (potato leafhopper)
				9.2.1.1 Biology and ecology
				9.2.1.2 Damage and pest status
				9.2.1.3 Pest management
			9.2.2 Empoasca decipiens (green leafhopper)
				9.2.2.1 Biology and ecology
				9.2.2.2 Damage and pest status
				9.2.2.3 Pest management
			9.2.3 Circulifer tenellus (beet leafhopper)
				9.2.3.1 Biology and ecology
				9.2.3.2 Damage and pest status
				9.2.3.3 Pest management
			9.2.4 Macrosteles quadrilineatus (aster leafhopper)
				9.2.4.1 Biology and ecology
				9.2.4.2 Damage and pest status
				9.2.4.3 Pest management
		9.3 Planthoppers
			9.3.1 Hyalesthes obsoletus
			9.3.2 Reptalus panzeri and R. quinquecostatus
		9.4 True bugs
			9.4.1 Lygaeidae (seed bugs)
			9.4.2 Pentatomidae (stinkbugs)
			9.4.3 Miridae (plant bugs)
			9.4.4 Lygus hesperus and L. elisus
				9.4.4.1 Biology and ecology
				9.4.4.2 Damage and pest status
				9.4.4.3 Pest management
		9.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	10 - Potato ladybirds
		10.1 Underappreciated defoliator
		10.2 Morphology
		10.3 Geographic distribution, host range, and taxonomy
		10.4 Damage
		10.5 Biology
			10.5.1 Life cycle
			10.5.2 Interactions with host plants
			10.5.3 Abiotic effects
			10.5.4 Natural enemies
		10.6 Management
			10.6.1 Chemical control
			10.6.2 Biological control
			10.6.3 Host plant resistance
			10.6.4 Other methods
		10.7 Conclusions and future directions
		References
III - Management approaches
	11 - Chemical control
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Early history of chemical control in potatoes
		11.3 The pesticide treadmill
			11.3.1 Chlorinated hydrocarbons
			11.3.2 Organophosphates and carbamates
			11.3.3 Pyrethroids
			11.3.4 Neonicotinoids
		11.4 A plethora of chemical control options still available in the 21st century
			11.4.1 Diamides
			11.4.2 Cryolite
			11.4.3 Avermectins
			11.4.4 Novaluron
			11.4.5 Cyromazine
			11.4.6 Indoxacarb
			11.4.7 Metaflumizone
			11.4.8 Tolfenpyrad
			11.4.9 Spinosyns
		11.5 Insecticide options for organic potatoes
			11.5.1 Pyrethrins
			11.5.2 Azadirachtin
			11.5.3 Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis (Bt)
		11.6 Chemical control of hemipteran pests
			11.6.1 Pymetrozine
			11.6.2 Flonicamid
			11.6.3 Spirotetramat
		11.7 Chemical control of wireworms
		11.8 Chemical control of potato tuberworm
		11.9 Final thoughts
		References
	12 - Insecticidal RNA interference (RNAi) for control of potato pests
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Parameters affecting insecticidal activity of dsRNA
		12.3 Delivery of dsRNA to potato pests
		12.4 Safety of insecticidal dsRNA
		12.5 Use of dsRNA against potato pests
			12.5.1 Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli)
			12.5.2 The 28-spotted potato ladybird (Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata)
			12.5.3 Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
			12.5.4 Myzus persicae (green peach aphid)
			12.5.5 Potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella)
		12.6 Resistance to dsRNA and management in potato
		12.7 Conclusions and future prospects
		Acknowledgments
		References
	13 - Biological and behavioral control of potato insect pests
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Natural enemies of major potato pests
			13.2.1 Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
				13.2.1.1 Bacteria and Colorado potato beetle
				13.2.1.2 Entomopathogenic fungi and Colorado potato beetle
				13.2.1.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes and Colorado potato beetle
				13.2.1.4 Egg parasitoids
				13.2.1.5 Larval and adult parasitoids: Myiopharus spp.
				13.2.1.6 Carabid predator-parasitoid: Lebia grandis Hentz
				13.2.1.7 Predatory stink bugs: Perillus and Podisus
				13.2.1.8 Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) and other Coccinellidae
				13.2.1.9 Interaction among Colorado potato beetle natural enemies
				13.2.1.10 Semiochemicals and Colorado potato beetle
			13.2.2 Potato tuber moths (tuberworms) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
				13.2.2.1 Viruses of potato tuber moths
				13.2.2.2 Bacillus thuringiensis for potato tuber moth control
				13.2.2.3 Fungi and potato tuber moths
				13.2.2.4 Entomopathogenic nematodes and potato tuber moths
				13.2.2.5 Arthropod natural enemies of potato tuber moths
				13.2.2.6 Classical biological control of potato tuber moth
				13.2.2.7 Inundative biological control of potato tuber moths
				13.2.2.8 Semiochemical-based behavioral tools for management of potato tuber moths
				13.2.2.9 Summary of biological and behavioral control for tuber moth species
			13.2.3 Hadda beetle and potato lady beetle: Epilachna spp.
				13.2.3.1 Fungi and Epilachna spp.
				13.2.3.2 Arthropod natural enemies of hadda beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata
				13.2.3.3 Arthropod natural enemies of Potato lady beetle, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata
				13.2.3.4 Annual inoculation of Pediobius against Epilachna in USA
				13.2.3.5 Summary of role of biological control for Epilachna potato pests
				13.2.3.6 Possible role of attractants in behavioral manipulation of lady beetles
			13.2.4 Andean potato weevil
				13.2.4.1 Natural enemies of Andean potato weevils: bacteria
				13.2.4.2 Natural enemies of Andean potato weevils: fungi
				13.2.4.3 Natural enemies of Andean potato weevils: entomopathogenic nematodes
				13.2.4.4 Arthropod natural enemies of Andean potato weevil
				13.2.4.5 Biological control in context of IPM for Andean potato weevil
			13.2.5 Wireworms (Elateridae)
				13.2.5.1 Bacteria and wireworms
				13.2.5.2 Fungal pathogens and wireworms
				13.2.5.3 Entomopathogenic nematodes and wireworms
			13.2.6 Potato psyllid
				13.2.6.1 Potato psyllid natural enemies in original and invaded regions
				13.2.6.2 Fungi and potato psyllid
				13.2.6.3 Potential for symbiont manipulation?
				13.2.6.4 Attractants for potato psyllid?
				13.2.6.5 Overall context for sustainable potato psyllid management including biocontrol
			13.2.7 Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
		13.3 Biological and behavioral control deployments
			13.3.1 Conservation biocontrol
			13.3.2 Augmentative and inundative biocontrol
			13.3.3 Introduction biocontrol
			13.3.4 Biological and behavioral control: interactions with other management methods
			13.3.5 Interaction with chemical control (insecticides, fungicides)
			13.3.6 Interaction with cultural controls (cultivar, tillage, rotation)
			13.3.7 Interaction with crop resistance (cultivar, transgenes)
			13.3.8 Interactions between microbial and arthropod biological controls
		13.4 Endophytic fungi
		13.5 Pheromones for monitoring and population management
		13.6 Interactions of biological and behavioral control
		13.7 Current and future research needs
		13.8 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	14 - Potato resistance against insect herbivores
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Natural variation in potato insect resistance
			14.2.1 Glycoalkaloids
			14.2.2 Trichomes
			14.2.3 Other defenses
			14.2.4 Potato tolerance to insect pests
		14.3 Engineered resistance
			14.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxins
			14.3.2 Protease inhibitors
			14.3.3 Avidins
			14.3.4 Lectins
			14.3.5 RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing in insects
			14.3.6 Plant gene silencing
		14.4 Constraints on host plant resistance
		14.5 Future directions
		References
	15 - Cultural control and other non-chemical methods
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Management of abiotic conditions
			15.2.1 Site selection, planting and harvest time
			15.2.2 Soil tillage
			15.2.3 Soil moisture
			15.2.4 Mulches
			15.2.5 Fertilizers and other soil amendments
			15.2.6 Physical control methods
		15.3 Management of biotic conditions
			15.3.1 Intercropping
			15.3.2 Trap crops and barrier crops
		15.4 Examples of habitat management
			15.4.1 Push-pull and trap crop strategies
			15.4.2 Cover-crop residues
			15.4.3 Antifeedants
		15.5 Concluding remarks
		References
		Further readings
IV Problems and solutions in major potato-producing areas of the world
	16 - Latin America potato production: pests and foes
		16.1 History of potato production in Latin America
		16.2 Unintentional and intentional breeding efforts
		16.3 Potato\'s contribution to the national economies
		16.4 Potato issues in Latin America
		16.5 Integrated pest management approach to control pest problems in potatoes: common issues across diverse regions
		16.6 Main pests affecting potato production in Latin America
			16.6.1 Order Hemiptera
				16.6.1.1 Family Aphididae
				16.6.1.2 Family Miridae
				16.6.1.3 Family Triozidae
			16.6.2 Order Lepidoptera
				16.6.2.1 Family Gelechiidae
			16.6.3 Order Diptera
				16.6.3.1 Family Agromyzidae
			16.6.4 Order Coleoptera
				16.6.4.1 Family Curculionidae
				16.6.4.2 Family Meloidae
				16.6.4.3 Family Scarabeidae
				16.6.4.4 Family Chrysomelidae
			16.6.5 Order Thysanoptera
		16.7 Natural enemies
		References
	17 - The United States of America and Canada
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Potato farming in overall economy
		17.3 Local agroclimatic conditions
		17.4 Main producers and market conditions
		17.5 Main insect pests
		17.6 Methods of pest control
		17.7 Problems and perspectives
		References
	18 - Regional overview of potato pest problem in EU
		18.1 Potato has been cultivated in Europe for over 500 years
		18.2 Two major pests of potato in Europe
		18.3 Potato farming was worth EUR 11 billion in 2017
		18.4 Biggest current pest problems
		18.5 Means of mitigating pest problems
		18.6 Future challenges
			18.6.1 International trade
			18.6.2 Warming climate
			18.6.3 Agricultural policies and consumer choices
		References
	19 - Russian Federation, Belarus, and Ukraine
		19.1 History and local characteristics of potato production
		19.2 Russian Federation
			19.2.1 Potato farming in overall economy
			19.2.2 Local agroclimatic conditions
			19.2.3 Main producers and market conditions
			19.2.4 Main insect pests
			19.2.5 Methods of pest control
			19.2.6 Problems and perspectives
		19.3 Republic of Belarus
			19.3.1 Potato farming in overall economy
			19.3.2 Local agroclimatic conditions
			19.3.3 Major potato producers
			19.3.4 Main insect pests
			19.3.5 Methods of pest control
			19.3.6 Problems and perspectives
		19.4 Ukraine
			19.4.1 Potato farming in overall economy
			19.4.2 Local agroclimatic conditions
			19.4.3 Major potato producers
			19.4.4 Main insect pests
			19.4.5 Methods of pest control
			19.4.6 Problems and perspectives
		19.5 Summary and conclusions
		References
	20 - China and Central Asia
		20.1 Potato production in China and Central Asia
			20.1.1 China
			20.1.2 Central Asia
		20.2 Abundance, the relative importance of potato pests in China and Central Asia
			20.2.1 China
			20.2.2 Central Asia
				20.2.2.1 Uzbekistan
				20.2.2.2 Kazakhstan
				20.2.2.3 Kyrgyzstan
				20.2.2.4 Tajikistan and Turkmenistan
		20.3 Management practices of key potato pests in China and Central Asia
			20.3.1 China
				20.3.1.1 Aphids
				20.3.1.2 Ladybirds
				20.3.1.3 Below ground insect pests
				20.3.1.4 Potato tuber moth
				20.3.1.5 Colorado potato beetle
			20.3.2 Central Asia
				20.3.2.1 Uzbekistan
				20.3.2.2 Kazakhstan
				20.3.2.3 Kyrgyzstan
				20.3.2.4 Tajikistan and Turkmenistan
		20.4 Conclusions
		References
	21 - Insect pests of potato in India: biology and management
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Root and tuber-eating pests
			21.2.1 White grubs
				21.2.1.1 Biology of white grubs
					21.2.1.1.1 Brahmina coriacea
					21.2.1.1.2 Holotrichia longipennis
					21.2.1.1.3 Holotrichia seticollis
					21.2.1.1.4 Holotrichia serrata
					21.2.1.1.5 Anomala dimidiata
				21.2.1.2 Management
			21.2.2 Cutworms
			21.2.3 Surface cutworm, Agrotis spinifera
			21.2.4 Greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon
			21.2.5 Common cutworm, Agrotis segetum
			21.2.6 Gram cutworm, Agrotis flammatra
				21.2.6.1 Agrotis interacta
					21.2.6.1.1 Management
			21.2.7 Wireworms
				21.2.7.1 Biology
				21.2.7.2 Management
			21.2.8 Termites and ants
				21.2.8.1 Management
			21.2.9 Potato tuber moth
				21.2.9.1 Management
			21.2.10 Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana Palisot
				21.2.10.1 Management
			21.2.11 Minor pests
		21.3 Sap-feeding pests
			21.3.1 Aphids
				21.3.1.1 Biology of M. persicae
				21.3.1.2 Management of aphids
			21.3.2 Leafhoppers
				21.3.2.1 Nature of damage
				21.3.2.2 Transmission of diseases
				21.3.2.3 Biology of leafhoppers
					21.3.2.3.1 Amrasca biguttula biguttula
					21.3.2.3.2 Empoasca kerri motti
					21.3.2.3.3 Empoasca punjabensis
					21.3.2.3.4 E. solanifolia
					21.3.2.3.5 E. fabae
				21.3.2.4 Control of leafhoppers
			21.3.3 Thrips
				21.3.3.1 Nature of damage
				21.3.3.2 Biology
				21.3.3.3 Transmission of tospo viruses
				21.3.3.4 Control
			21.3.4 White flies
				21.3.4.1 Nature of damage
					21.3.4.1.1 Biology of B. tabaci
				21.3.4.2 Transmission of potato apical leaf curl virus
				21.3.4.3 Control
			21.3.5 Sap-sucking bugs
				21.3.5.1 Green potato bug, Nezara viridula (Linn.)
					21.3.5.1.1 Creontiades pallidifer (Walker)
					21.3.5.1.2 Piezodorus hybneri (Gmelin) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
						21.3.5.1.2.1 Recaredus sp.
		21.4 Leaf-eating and defoliating insects
			21.4.1 Defoliating caterpillars
				21.4.1.1 Cabbage semilooper, Plusia orichalcea (Fab.)
			21.4.2 Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker)
			21.4.3 Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Walker)
			21.4.4 Hairy caterpillar, Dasychira mendosa (Hubner)
			21.4.5 Tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.)
			21.4.6 Gram pod borer, Heliothis armigera (Hubner)
			21.4.7 Eggplant borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee
				21.4.7.1 Management of lepidopterous defoliators
			21.4.8 Leaf-eating beetles
				21.4.8.1 Hadda beetles
			21.4.9 Flea beetles, Psyllodes plana Maulik
			21.4.10 Blister beetle, Epicauta hirticornis Hagg
			21.4.11 Gray weevil, Myllocerus subfasciatus Guerin
		References
	22 - Australia and New Zealand
		22.1 Overview of the industry
		22.2 Main pests
		22.3 Control methods
		Acknowledgments
		References
	23 - Management of potato pests and diseases in Africa
		23.1 Overview
		23.2 Potato pests and diseases
			23.2.1 Insect pests
				23.2.1.1 Potato tuber moth
				23.2.1.2 Aphids
				23.2.1.3 Leafminers
				23.2.1.4 Loopers
				23.2.1.5 Cutworms
				23.2.1.6 Armyworms
				23.2.1.7 Thrips
				23.2.1.8 Mites
			23.2.2 Plant parasitic nematodes
				23.2.2.1 Root-knot nematodes
				23.2.2.2 Potato cyst nematodes
			23.2.3 Potato diseases
				23.2.3.1 Potato viruses
				23.2.3.2 Bacterial wilt
				23.2.3.3 Common scab
				23.2.3.4 Powdery scab
				23.2.3.5 Late blight
				23.2.3.6 Early blight
				23.2.3.7 Verticillium wilt
		23.3 Pest and disease management practices
			23.3.1 Chemical control
			23.3.2 Biological control
			23.3.3 Cultural control
			23.3.4 Plant host resistance
				23.3.4.1 The potato tuber moth
				23.3.4.2 Aphids and aphid-vectored viruses
				23.3.4.3 Plant parasitic nematodes
				23.3.4.4 Bacterial wilt
				23.3.4.5 Late blight
				23.3.4.6 Common scab
		23.4 Conclusion
		References
V  - Basic science in potato pest management
	24 - Evolutionary considerations in potato pest management
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Fundamentals of evolution
		24.3 Applied evolution
		24.4 Evolution in agricultural ecosystems
		24.5 Evolutionary process of becoming a pest
		24.6 An obscure leaf beetle turns into a major pest of potatoes
		24.7 Insecticide resistance
			24.7.1 Insecticide treadmill
			24.7.2 Colorado potato beetle as a resistant superbug
			24.7.3 Green peach aphid – resistance in a mostly parthenogenic organism
			24.7.4 Resistance to nonchemical control methods
			24.7.5 Resistance management
			24.7.6 Epigenetic considerations
		24.8 Interactions with abiotic environment
		24.9 Human turn to adapt?
		24.10 Conclusions
		References
	25 - Ecology of a potato field
		25.1 “Potatoes partly made of oil”
		25.2 An underappreciated challenge
		25.3 Healthy soils and healthy plants
		25.4 Dawn of the killer fungi
		25.5 The power of connections
		Acknowledgments
		References
	26 - Ecological and evolutionary factors mitigating Colorado potato beetle adaptation to insecticides
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Genetic variation
		26.3 Pesticide use
			26.3.1 Insecticides
			26.3.2 Fungicides
		26.4 Noncrop host plants
		26.5 Natural enemies
		26.6 Crop rotation
		26.7 Climate suitability
			26.7.1 Temperature
			26.7.2 Water availability
			26.7.3 Fitness trade-offs
		26.8 Future research
			26.8.1 Examining parallel patterns of evolution of insecticide resistance in Europe
			26.8.2 Regulation of gene expression
			26.8.3 Legacies of historic insecticide exposure
			26.8.4 Prolonged dormancy
			26.8.5 Linking noncrop host plant utilization with insecticide susceptibility
			26.8.6 Interactions with regional potato cultivars
			26.8.7 Importance of natural enemies
			26.8.8 Climate suitability
		26.9 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
VI - Current challenges and future directions
	27 - Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in potatoes
		27.1 What is IPM?
		27.2 The elements of IPM
			27.2.1 Biological control agents
			27.2.2 Cultural controls
			27.2.3 Pesticides
		27.3 An IPM strategy for potatoes typical in Australia
		27.4 Taught everywhere but typically slow and low rates of adoption. Why?
		27.5 Changing to IPM when a crisis occurs or avoiding a crisis. Examples beyond potatoes
		27.6 How to achieve rapid adoption of IPM in the absence of a crisis
		27.7 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	28 - Epilogue: the road to sustainability
		References
	Index
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		Q
		R
		S
		T
		U
		V
		W
		Y
		Z
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