Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Energy in Africa

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Waste to Energy
Bibliometric Study of Trends in Waste to Energy Research in Africa
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Waste to Energy Research
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Thematic Areas of Research
	5 Conclusion
	References
Perspective Review on Emerging Waste to Energy (WtE) Technologies for Effective Waste Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Challenges and Prospects Associated with Emerging WtE Technologies
	5 Conclusion
	References
Spatial Distribution and Resource Mobilization of Waste for a Hybrid Waste-to-Energy Plant in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Case Study–Ashanti Region
		2.2 Atwima Nwabiagya Municiaplity
		2.3 Data Collection
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Atwima Nwabiagya Municipality
		3.2 Environs–30 km radius
	4 Conclusion
	References
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards Waste Management in Ghana: Implications for Energy Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Study Design, Sampling Method and Data Collection
		2.3 Data Analysis
		2.4 Estimation Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics
		3.2 Respondents Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Towards Waste Management
		3.3 Waste Generation, Segregation, Storage and Disposal Practices
		3.4 Willingness to Pay for Waste Management
		3.5 Perception About Conversion of Waste to Energy
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards Waste Management in Ghana
		4.2 Conversion of Waste to Energy
		4.3 Ensuring Sustainability of Waste to Energy Production in Ghana
	5 Conclusion
	References
Business Case for Hybrid Waste to Energy System for Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Financial Analysis
		2.3 Risk and Sensitivity analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Technical Performance
		3.2 Financial Viability
	4 Conclusion
	References
Developments in Biogas Production and Substrate Use
A Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation from the Anaerobic Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Interpretation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Interpretation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Anaerobic Co-digestion of Cassava Peel Residue: A Review of Potential Co-substrates Pre-treatment and Operating Factors for Improved Methane Yield
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 State of Cassava Production and Peel Residue
		2.2 Pre-treatment of Cassava Peel Residue
		2.3 Co-digestion of Cassava Peel Residue with Various Substrates
		2.4 Animal Wastes (Poultry, Piggery, and Cattle)
		2.5 Food Waste (Vegetables and Fruits)
		2.6 Urea
		2.7 Significant Factors Influencing Pre-treatment and Anerobic Co-digestion
		2.8 Mixing
		2.9 Co-substrate Mixing Ratio and Nutrient Balance (C/N Ratio)
		2.10 Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
		2.11 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
		2.12 Temperature
	3 Conclusion
	References
Innovations in Solid Fuel Production from Organic Waste Materials
Circular Entrepreneurship: Production of Fuel Briquettes from Organic Resources in a Rural Area of Uganda
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Study Area
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Carbonization Briquetting
		3.2 Cost Analysis
		3.3 A Circular Concept to Promote Biochar Production in Mukono
	4 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Three Lignocellulosic Biomass Materials as Novel Binders in Briquette Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Material Collection and Sample Preparation
		2.3 Characterization
		2.4 Evaluation of Binders in Briquette Production
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Biomass Characterization
		3.2 Proximate Analysis
		3.3 Ultimate Analysis
		3.4 Briquette Quality
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of Solid Fuel Production by Co-hydrothermal Carbonization of Polyvinyl Chloride and Pontideria Crassipes: A Waste Valorization Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Equipment Used
		2.2 Experimental Design
		2.3 Co-carbonization Process
		2.4 Energy Content and Energy Densification Calculation
		2.5 Dechlorination Efficiency
		2.6 Analysis of Functional Group
		2.7 Thermogravimetric Process
		2.8 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Optimization of Output Variables
		3.2 Effects of Process Parameters on Output Variables
		3.3 Effect of Process Parameters on Yield of Hydrochar
		3.4 Effect of Process Parameters on High Heating Value
		3.5 FTIR Analysis
		3.6 Thermographic Analysis
		3.7 Physical Characteristics of Hydrochar and Process Water
	4 Conclusion
	Appendix 1
	Appendix 2
	References
Green Hydrogen Production and Potentials
Estimation of Green Hydrogen Production Potentials from Exploitable Hydropower Resources for Re-electrification and Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area and Data Used
		2.2 Green Hydrogen Potential from Hydropower
		2.3 Green Hydrogen Storage
		2.4 Re-electrification Potential Using Green Hydrogen
		2.5 Estimation of Fossil Fuel Replacement
		2.6 Estimation of Greenhouse Gases (Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide) Avoided
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Estimation of Green Hydrogen Production from Hydroelectric Energy
		3.2 Volume of Hydrogen Storage and Re-electrification Potential Using Hydrogen
		3.3 Quantity of Diesel Fuel Replaced and Greenhouse Gases (Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide) Avoided Using Hydrogen Fuel Cells
	4 Conclusion
	References
Exploring the Potential of Integrating Bio-Hydrogen Generation into Hybrid Waste-To-Energy (W2E) Plant in Ghana
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area—Ashanti Region
		2.2 Methods
		2.3 Evaluation of Biogas Recovery from OFMSW
		2.4 H2 Generation by Biogas SMR
		2.5 Electricity Generation Potential of H2 Gas
		2.6 Environmental Assessment of H2 Power Generation
		2.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP) of H2 Power Generation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 MSW and Electricity Generation Potential
		3.2 H2 Energy Generation Potential Through SMR
		3.3 Environmental Impact Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Advances in Municipal Solid Waste Management and Industrial Use of Residue Materials
Addressing Municipal Solid Waste Mismanagement Through Data-Driven Action Planning: A Case Study in Mukono, Uganda
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Research Design
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Current Waste Management in the Greater Kampala Region
		3.2 Stakeholder Matrix
		3.3 Addressing Health and Safety Concerns
	4 Conclusion
	References
Cashew Nutshell and Raw Coal Co-grinding for Sustainability Goals in Clinkerization Pyro-Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Cashew Nutshell and Raw Coal Analysis
		2.2 Vertical Coal Mine
		2.3 ILC-Calciner
		2.4 VCM Operation Procedure
		2.5 Process Measurement
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fuel Mixing Impact
		3.2 VCM Operation and Optimization
		3.3 Clinker Quality Impact
	4 Conclusion
	References
Municipal Solid Waste Energies Substitution Improvement with Kiln By-Pass Systems Operational Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Technical Considerations for Alternative Fuel Substitution with By-Pass System in Cement Plants
		2.1 Main Types of Kiln Bypasses in Cement Plants
		2.2 Kiln Bypass Operational Process Control
		2.3 Splash Box Design and Location
		2.4 Take off Velocity
		2.5 Distance from Tapping Location to Quenching Chamber
		2.6 Cut off Gate
		2.7 Segregation of Coarse and Fine Bypass Dust
		2.8 Volatile Matters
		2.9 Bypass Sizing
		2.10 Environmental Considerations and Gas Handling
		2.11 Reducing Emissions and Environmental Impact
		2.12 Bypass Gas Handling
		2.13 Dust Handling
		2.14 Safety Related to Bypass Dust Handling
		2.15 Use of Bypass Dust Out of the Plant
		2.16 Instrumentation and Controls (Loops and Interlocking)
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Operation and Technical Performance
		3.2 Laboratory Analysis of the Final Product (Clinker)
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Palm Kernel Shell and Raw Coal Co-processing for Sustainability Goals in Clinkerization Pyro-Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodes
		2.1 ILC-Calciner
		2.2 Physical Aspects of Palm Kernel Shell
		2.3 Laboratory Analyses of Palm Kernel Shell Before Pre-processing
		2.4 PKS Cost Analysis
		2.5 Penalties
		2.6 Palm Kernel Shell Pre-processing
		2.7 Laboratory Results After Pre-processing
		2.8 PKS Cost Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References