Infrastructure Planning and Management: An Integrated Approach

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Infrastructure
	1.1 Infrastructure
		1.1.1 Problems of Infrastructure
		1.1.2 Definition of Infrastructure
	1.2 Examples of Infrastructure
		1.2.1 Agriculture
		1.2.2 Buildings
		1.2.3 Communication and Telecommunications
		1.2.4 Education
		1.2.5 Energy and Power
		1.2.6 Health
		1.2.7 Housing
		1.2.8 Industry
		1.2.9 Recreation
		1.2.10 Tourism
		1.2.11 Transportation
			1.2.11.1 Roads
			1.2.11.2 Water Transport
			1.2.11.3 Ports - Utility and Capacity
			1.2.11.4 Airports
			1.2.11.5 The Relation of Transport to Other Activities
		1.2.12 Waste Management
		1.2.13 Water
		1.2.14 Wastewater
	1.3 Services
	1.4 Why Do We Need Infrastructure?
		1.4.1 Economic Infrastructure
		1.4.2 Social Infrastructure
		1.4.3 Critical Infrastructure
	References
Chapter 2: Infrastructure and Economic Growth
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Why Do We Need Infrastructure?
		2.1.2 Economic Roles of Government
	2.2 Economics Applicable to Infrastructure
		2.2.1 Selective Overview of Economics
		2.2.2 Factor Endowments of the Country
		2.2.3 The GDP as a Measure of National Income
	2.3 Investing in a Business
		2.3.1 Introduction
		2.3.2 Determinants of Cost
		2.3.3 Determinants of Benefits
		2.3.4 Mathematical Formulation
		2.3.5 Growth: Miracles and Disasters
		2.3.6 Infrastructure v/s Growth
	2.4 The Process of Production
		2.4.1 Classifications
		2.4.2 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Production
		2.4.3 Direct and Indirect Production
	2.5 Impact of Infrastructure on Economic Development
		2.5.1 Nature of Impacts
		2.5.2 Achieving the Potential of Infrastructure Impacts
	2.6 Infrastructure´s Effects on Economic Development
	2.7 Infrastructure and Macroeconomic Stabilization
	2.8 Implications for Infrastructure Planning and Policy
	2.9 Conclusion
	Appendix 2.1: ``Constant Return to Scale´´
	References
Chapter 3: Infrastructure and Spatial Organisation
	3.1 Cities Are for People
	3.2 Green Urbanism Principles
	3.3 Infrastructure According to Spatial Organisation
	3.4 Smart and Sustainable Cities
		3.4.1 Important Parameters Needing Consideration
		3.4.2 Methodology
		3.4.3 Transport and Land Use
			3.4.3.1 Limiting Traffic Flow
			3.4.3.2 Collector Roads
			3.4.3.3 Access Roads
			3.4.3.4 Fly-Over Bridges for Pedestrians
		3.4.4 Transport
		3.4.5 Cars - An Expensive Asset
		3.4.6 Public Transport Priorities
		3.4.7 Movement Within the Town
		3.4.8 Movement Outside the Town
			3.4.8.1 Alternative 1
			3.4.8.2 Alternative 2
		3.4.9 Goods Vehicles
		3.4.10 Parking Areas
		3.4.11 Facilities and Their Location
			3.4.11.1 Commercial Space
			3.4.11.2 Services
			3.4.11.3 Offices
			3.4.11.4 Schools
		3.4.12 Leisure
			3.4.12.1 Public Gardens
			3.4.12.2 Swimming Pools
			3.4.12.3 Stadium and Gymnasiums
			3.4.12.4 Cinemas and Theatres
		3.4.13 Residential Space
			3.4.13.1 Environmental Aspects
			3.4.13.2 Parks and Gardens
			3.4.13.3 Vegetation
			3.4.13.4 Trees/Forests
			3.4.13.5 Pollution Free Environment
		3.4.14 Other Parameters
		3.4.15 Implementation
	3.5 Low or High Density
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Infrastructure Vision for Sustainable Development
	4.1 Objectives of Development
		4.1.1 The Three Objectives of Development
		4.1.2 Development in Practice
		4.1.3 Possible Strategies
	4.2 Sustainable Development
		4.2.1 Sustainability
		4.2.2 Possible Reasons for Non Sustainability
	4.3 Extractive Industries Causing Environmental Concerns
		4.3.1 Oil
		4.3.2 The Hardrock Mining Industry
		4.3.3 The Logging Industry
		4.3.4 The Seafood Industry (Marine Fisheries)
	4.4 Important Considerations
		4.4.1 There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch!
		4.4.2 Urgent Environmental Issues
		4.4.3 Possible Approaches to Solutions
	4.5 Sustainable Development Goals
	4.6 Using Infrastructure to Achieve SDGs
	References
Chapter 5: The Long Term Plan for Infrastructure
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Planning Investment in the Water Sector
	5.3 Basic Activities Required
		5.3.1 Assess the Infrastructure (Water) Requirements
		5.3.2 Assess the Water Availability
		5.3.3 Preliminary Matching of Resources and Requirements
		5.3.4 Formulating Possible Schemes
		5.3.5 Cost Estimates of Schemes
		5.3.6 Formulating the Draft Master Plan
		5.3.7 Marketing the Master Plan and Acceptance Thereof
		5.3.8 Feasibility Studies
		5.3.9 Looking for Funds
		5.3.10 Implementation of Proposed Schemes
	5.4 Planning the Activities
	5.5 Establishing the Time Frame
	5.6 Action Plan for Safeguarding Infrastructure Availability
		5.6.1 The Plan Period
		5.6.2 The Long Term Plan
		5.6.3 The Medium Term Plan
		5.6.4 The Short Term Plan
		5.6.5 Carrying Out the Infrastructure Estimation Exercise
	5.7 Use of the Backcasting Method
		5.7.1 The Possible Demographic Changes
		5.7.2 Applying the Backcasting Method
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Infrastructure as a System
	6.1 Interactions Between Water and Other Sectors
	6.2 Interactions Among Infrastructure Sectors
	6.3 Systems Analysis in Infrastructure Sectors
		6.3.1 System Concepts
		6.3.2 System Characteristics
		6.3.3 Complexity
		6.3.4 Organisations as Systems
		6.3.5 The Systems Approach
		6.3.6 Enlarging the Paradigm
	6.4 Applying Systems Analysis to Infrastructure
		6.4.1 Overview
		6.4.2 Scenarios and Assessment
		6.4.3 Step 1: Scenario Generation
		6.4.4 Step 2: Strategy Generation
		6.4.5 Step 3: Infrastructure System-of-Systems Models
		6.4.6 Step 4: Evaluating Infrastructure Strategies
	6.5 Elements of System Dynamics Modelling
		6.5.1 Physical flows
		6.5.2 Level and Rate Variables
		6.5.3 Information Flow
		6.5.4 Flow Diagrams
		6.5.5 Delays
		6.5.6 Smoothing of Information
		6.5.7 Table Functions
	6.6 Modelling Principles
		6.6.1 Causal Loops
		6.6.2 The Diagramming Approach
		6.6.3 Simple to Complex Modelling
	References
Chapter 7: Economic and Social Aspects of Infrastructure
	7.1 Welfare Economics
	7.2 The Benefit-Cost Viewpoint
	7.3 The Allocation of Incommensurable Resources for Incommensurable Goods
	7.4 Social Welfare Functions
		7.4.1 Simple Profit or Benefit-Cost Ratio Maximization
		7.4.2 Profit Maximization with Inclusion of Secondary Social Benefits and Costs
		7.4.3 Profit Maximization with Constraints
		7.4.4 Vote Maximization
		7.4.5 Democratic Strength of Preference
	7.5 Designing Measures of Effectiveness: Public Health
	7.6 Allocation of a Scarce Resource Space for Cars
		7.6.1 By Congestion Pricing
		7.6.2 By Rationing
		7.6.3 By Money Pricing
	7.7 Engineering as Opposed to Construction
	7.8 Social Aspects of Infrastructure
		7.8.1 Sustainable Knowledge Infrastructure
		7.8.2 Infrastructure as Stored Potential
		7.8.3 Water Matters
		7.8.4 Treating People Differently
		7.8.5 Projects and Promises
		7.8.6 Is Infrastructure = Development?
		7.8.7 Infrastructure as Country Icons
		7.8.8 Aesthetics of Infrastructure
	7.9 From Inception to Oblivion
	References
Chapter 8: Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Infrastructure
	8.1 Economic Measurement of Environmental Impacts: Theory
	8.2 Generally Applicable Techniques
	8.3 Using Market Prices to Value a Change in Production
		8.3.1 Changes in Productivity
		8.3.2 Loss of Earnings
		8.3.3 Opportunity Cost
	8.4 Using Market Prices to Value Costs
		8.4.1 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
		8.4.2 Preventive Expenditures
		8.4.3 Choosing a Technique
	8.5 Potentially Applicable Techniques
	8.6 Techniques Using Substitute Market Prices
		8.6.1 Property Values
		8.6.2 Other Land-Value Approaches
		8.6.3 Wage Differentials
		8.6.4 Travel Cost
		8.6.5 Marketed Goods as Environmental Surrogates
	8.7 Cost Analysis
		8.7.1 Replacement Costs
		8.7.2 Relocation Costs
		8.7.3 Shadow Projects
		8.7.4 Summary
	8.8 Survey-Based Methods and Macroeconomic Models
		8.8.1 Contingent Valuation Methods
		8.8.2 Bidding Games
		8.8.3 Take-it-or-Leave-it Experiments
		8.8.4 Trade-off Games
		8.8.5 Costless Choice
		8.8.6 Delphi Technique
		8.8.7 The Limitations of Contingent Valuation
	8.9 Macroeconomic Models
		8.9.1 Generalised Input-Output Models
		8.9.2 The Basic Procedure
		8.9.3 Input-Output Models: Including the Environment
		8.9.4 Leontief´s Extended Input-Output Tables
		8.9.5 Limitations of Input-Output Models
		8.9.6 Linear Programming Models
		8.9.7 Limitations of Linear Programming
	8.10 Economic Measurement of Environmental Impacts: Limits
		8.10.1 Income Distribution
		8.10.2 Intergenerational Equity
		8.10.3 Risk and Uncertainty
		8.10.4 Irreversibility
		8.10.5 Value of Human Life
		8.10.6 Incrementalism
		8.10.7 Cultural, Historical and Aesthetic Resources
		8.10.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 9: Quality and Reliability of Infrastructure
	9.1 Quality and Reliability in Infrastructure
	9.2 Introduction to Quality and Reliability
		9.2.1 The Meaning of Quality
		9.2.2 The Meaning of Reliability
		9.2.3 The Meaning of Failure
		9.2.4 Effects of Time on Reliability
	9.3 Importance of Quality and Reliability
		9.3.1 Introduction
		9.3.2 Infrastructure Unreliability
		9.3.3 Costs of Unreliability
		9.3.4 Effect on Cost Recovery
		9.3.5 Distributional Effect
		9.3.6 The Growing Importance of Reliability
	9.4 Demand for Quality and Reliability
	9.5 Building Quality and Reliability in Infrastructure
		9.5.1 Introducing Quality into Infrastructure
		9.5.2 Implications of the Concept
		9.5.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
		9.5.4 Focusing on Reliability to Improve Productivity
	9.6 Reliability of Systems
		9.6.1 Reliability of Systems
		9.6.2 Series Systems
		9.6.3 Parallel Systems
		9.6.4 General Series-Parallel System
		9.6.5 Standby Redundancy
	9.7 Measures of Reliability
	References
Chapter 10: Climate Change and Infrastructure
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Climate Change Variables
		10.2.1 Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure Sectors
		10.2.2 Exposure and Vulnerability of Infrastructure to Climate Hazards
		10.2.3 Frequency or Return Period to Be Considered
		10.2.4 Is a Return Period of 50 Years Acceptable?
	10.3 Preparing Infrastructure for Climate Change
		10.3.1 Introduction
		10.3.2 Government Role
		10.3.3 Private Sector Led Adaptation
		10.3.4 Investors
		10.3.5 Infrastructure Owners and Operators
		10.3.6 Economic Regulators
		10.3.7 Insurers and Re-insurers
		10.3.8 Engineering Sector
		10.3.9 Research Community
		10.3.10 The Cost of Infrastructure Adaptation
	10.4 Approaches and Mechanisms to Support Climate Resiliency
		10.4.1 Approaches
		10.4.2 Vulnerability Approach
		10.4.3 Increasing Resilience
		10.4.4 Suggested Policies to Increase Infrastructure Resilience
		10.4.5 Examples of Policy Options
	10.5 Challenges and Barriers
		10.5.1 Introduction
		10.5.2 Information Gaps
		10.5.3 Managing Uncertainties
		10.5.4 Balancing Priorities
		10.5.5 Short-Term Regulatory Focus
		10.5.6 Capital Projects Discounting
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Infrastructure Resilience
	11.1 Vulnerability and Resilience
		11.1.1 Vulnerability
		11.1.2 Resilience of Systems
		11.1.3 Sectors Needing Resilience
		11.1.4 Definition of Resilience
		11.1.5 Relationships Between System Capacities, Performance, and Recovery
		11.1.6 Resilience Enhancement Features and Resilience Sectors
	11.2 Assessing Infrastructure Resilience
	11.3 Qualitative Assessment
		11.3.1 Risk Analysis Approach
		11.3.2 Resilience Assessment Approach
	11.4 Quantitative Assessment
		11.4.1 Resilience Efficiency
		11.4.2 Resilience Quality
		11.4.3 Effort (Cost) Resilience
		11.4.4 Comparison
	11.5 Using Cost Benefit Analysis for Resilience
		11.5.1 General Principles
		11.5.2 The Actors
		11.5.3 CoBAYe
		11.5.4 Resilience
	11.6 Case Study: Resilience in a Water Supply Network
		11.6.1 Vulnerability in the System
		11.6.2 Remedial Measures
		11.6.3 Resilience Features in the Water Supply System
		11.6.4 Cost of Providing Resilience
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Disaster Recovery and Management
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Vulnerability
		12.2.1 Disaster
		12.2.2 Hazard and Risk
		12.2.3 Vulnerability
	12.3 Risks and Their Origin
	12.4 Factors Influencing Risk Perception
	12.5 Risk Hazard Classification
	12.6 Measuring Disasters
	12.7 Risk Management Framework
	12.8 Before the Disaster
		12.8.1 Prediction Techniques
		12.8.2 Monitoring Techniques
		12.8.3 Warning
		12.8.4 Risk Reduction
		12.8.5 Risk Reduction Strategies
	12.9 Management of Disasters
		12.9.1 Reducing the Magnitude of the Disaster
		12.9.2 Time Management
		12.9.3 Crisis Management Tools
		12.9.4 Geography of the Crisis Management
	12.10 After the Disaster
		12.10.1 Assessing the Impacts
		12.10.2 Unequal Compensation
		12.10.3 Reconstruction Principles
	12.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Modelling in Infrastructure Planning
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Infrastructure Problems
		13.1.2 Basic Rules of Modelling
		13.1.3 Communication Between Decision Makers and Modellers
	13.2 Operations Research Methodology
		13.2.1 Formulating the Problem
		13.2.2 Constructing a Model for the Problem
		13.2.3 Deriving a Solution from the Model
		13.2.4 Testing the Model and the Solution Derived from It
		13.2.5 Establishing Controls over the Solution
		13.2.6 Implementing the Solution from the Model
	13.3 Types of Mathematical Models
		13.3.1 Mathematical Techniques
		13.3.2 Statistical Techniques
		13.3.3 Inventory Models
		13.3.4 Allocation Models
		13.3.5 Sequencing Models
		13.3.6 Routing Models
		13.3.7 Competitive Models
		13.3.8 Queuing Models
		13.3.9 Dynamic Programming Models
		13.3.10 Simulation Techniques
		13.3.11 Decision Theory
		13.3.12 Replacement Models
		13.3.13 Heuristic Models
		13.3.14 Goal Programming
		13.3.15 Reliability Theory
		13.3.16 Markov Analysis
		13.3.17 Combined Methods
	13.4 Operations Research in Infrastructure
		13.4.1 Suitability to Infrastructure
		13.4.2 Scope of Operations Research
		13.4.3 Applications of Operations Research
	13.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Modelling
		13.5.1 Advantages
		13.5.2 Difficulties in Operations Research
		13.5.3 Limitations of Operations Research
	13.6 Simulation of Operating a Water Reservoir
	Reference
Chapter 14: Multi Sector/Purpose Infrastructure Planning
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Multiple Goals and Objectives
		14.1.2 Infrastructure Planning
		14.1.3 The Role of Modelling
	14.2 Descriptive Models of the Planning Process
		14.2.1 The Policy-Making Process
	14.3 Planning Strategies
	14.4 Infrastructure Planning Objectives
		14.4.1 Principles for Infrastructure Planning
		14.4.2 Quantifying Infrastructure Planning Objectives
		14.4.3 Mathematical Models for Multiobjective Planning
	14.5 Trade-Offs and Political Feasibility
	14.6 Formulation of Planning Alternatives
	14.7 Plan Selection: The Identification of Politically Feasible Alternatives
		14.7.1 When Preferences Are Certain
		14.7.2 STEM, an Iterative Procedure
		14.7.3 When Preferences Are Uncertain
	14.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 15: Multi Objective Evaluation Criteria for Infrastructure
	15.1 Multi-criteria Analysis
		15.1.1 Introduction
		15.1.2 Multi-criteria Evaluation Models
	15.2 The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Model
	15.3 The Simple Additive Weighting Method in Practice
	15.4 Sensitivity Testing
	15.5 Probabilistic Additive Weighting
		15.5.1 Introduction
		15.5.2 Expected Value
		15.5.3 Variance
	15.6 Allocating Weights to the Decision Criteria
		15.6.1 Presumption of Equal Weights
		15.6.2 Ranking System for Obtaining Weights
		15.6.3 Ratio System for Obtaining Weights
		15.6.4 Pairwise Comparison Weighting System
		15.6.5 The Resistance-to-Change Grid
		15.6.6 Hierarchy of Weights
		15.6.7 Multiple Weighting Systems
		15.6.8 Scoring Systems for the Criteria
	15.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 16: Decision Taking with Infrastructure
	16.1 Risk Assessment and Management
		16.1.1 Introduction
		16.1.2 Risk
		16.1.3 Risk Management
	16.2 Decision Theory
		16.2.1 Steps in Decision Theory Approach
	16.3 Decision Making Environments
	16.4 Decision Making Under Conditions of Certainty
	16.5 Decision Making Under Conditions of Uncertainty
		16.5.1 Maximax Criterion
		16.5.2 Maximin Criterion
		16.5.3 Minimax Regret Criterion
		16.5.4 Hurwicz Criterion (Criterion of Realism)
		16.5.5 Laplace Criterion (Criterion of Rationality)
	16.6 Decision Making Under Conditions of Risk
		16.6.1 Expected Value Criterion
		16.6.2 Expected Opportunity Loss (EOL) Criterion
		16.6.3 Expected Value of Perfect Information (EVPI)
		16.6.4 EMV for Items That Have a Salvage Value
		16.6.5 Use of Incremental (Marginal) Analysis
		16.6.6 Maximum Likelihood Criterion
		16.6.7 Expected Value Criterion for Continuously Distributed Random Variables
	Reference
Chapter 17: Infrastructure as Public or Private Goods
	17.1 The Different Kinds of Goods
		17.1.1 Characteristics
		17.1.2 Excludability
		17.1.3 Rivalrousness
	17.2 Public Goods
		17.2.1 The Free-Rider Problem
		17.2.2 Consumption Goods and Capital Goods
	17.3 Capital Goods
		17.3.1 Rival Consumption Good (Bread Example)
		17.3.2 Rival Capital Good (Scrap Steel Example)
		17.3.3 Nonrivalrous Consumption Goods and Nonrivalrous Capital Goods
	17.4 Social Goods
		17.4.1 Nonmarket Goods
		17.4.2 Merit Goods
		17.4.3 Social Capital
	17.5 The Relationship Between Social Goods and Externalities
	17.6 Societal Demand for Infrastructure
		17.6.1 Introduction
	17.7 Commercial, Public and Social Infrastructure
		17.7.1 Categories of Infrastructure
		17.7.2 Commercial Infrastructure
		17.7.3 Public and Social Infrastructure
		17.7.4 How Demand Manifestation Problems Lead to Supply Problems
	17.8 Infrastructure Is Dynamic
		17.8.1 Infrastructure Changes Status
		17.8.2 The Risk of Misdirected Prioritization, Optimization, or Design
		17.8.3 Uncertainty with Infrastructure Resources
	References
Chapter 18: Infrastructure Markets and the Private Sector
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Traditional Project Financing
	18.3 The History of Build, Operate, Transfer
		18.3.1 The First BOT Project in the Modern World: The Suez Canal
		18.3.2 Lessons from This Example
		18.3.3 Recent BOT Projects
	18.4 Characteristics of BOO - BOT Projects
		18.4.1 Partners
		18.4.2 General Mechanism of BOO - BOT
	18.5 The Advantages of a BOT Offering
		18.5.1 To the Host Government
		18.5.2 To the Citizens of the Host Country
		18.5.3 To the BOT Consortium
	18.6 BOT Partners Interactions
		18.6.1 Role of the Sponsor/Project Company
		18.6.2 Role of Host Government/Government Utility
		18.6.3 Role of Multilaterals
	18.7 Implementing a BOT Package
	18.8 Structuring a BOT Financing Package
		18.8.1 Introduction
		18.8.2 Financial Viability
		18.8.3 Debt Participants Requirements
		18.8.4 Host Government Support
		18.8.5 Pricing
		18.8.6 Subordinated Loans by Government
		18.8.7 Foreign Currency Issues
		18.8.8 Transfer to Host Government
		18.8.9 Earning Assets
		18.8.10 Regulatory and Fiscal Issues
	18.9 Analysis of BOT Project Risks
		18.9.1 Introduction
		18.9.2 Risk Analysis
		18.9.3 Natural Risks
		18.9.4 Technical Risks
		18.9.5 Financing Risks
		18.9.6 Debt Service Risks
		18.9.7 Inflation Risks
		18.9.8 Foreign Exchange Risks
		18.9.9 Escrow Accounts
		18.9.10 Political Risks
		18.9.11 Political Risk Insurance
		18.9.12 Force Majeure
		18.9.13 Protection from Competition
		18.9.14 Operational Risks
		18.9.15 Risk Backstopping
	18.10 Project Agreements
		18.10.1 Concession Agreement/Implementation Agreement
		18.10.2 Shareholders Agreement
		18.10.3 Escrow Agreement
		18.10.4 Sales/Purchase Agreement
		18.10.5 Supply Agreement
		18.10.6 Construction Agreement
		18.10.7 Operations and Maintenance (O & M) Agreement
		18.10.8 Insurance Policies
		18.10.9 Loan Agreement
	18.11 Sectors where BOT May Be Applied
	18.12 Applicability of BOT in Mauritius
		18.12.1 Basic Financial Principle
		18.12.2 Welfare Economics
		18.12.3 Taxpayer Pays for Better Service
		18.12.4 Hotels - The Foreign Tourist Pays
	18.13 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Cost Allocation for Infrastructure Implementation
	19.1 The Need for Cost Allocation
		19.1.1 Introduction to the BPP Principle
		19.1.2 Background
		19.1.3 Applications of BPP in Infrastructure
	19.2 Criteria for Cost Allocation Method
	19.3 Basic Definitions Relating to Cost Allocation
		19.3.1 Project
		19.3.2 Function/Purpose
		19.3.3 Cost
		19.3.4 Benefits
		19.3.5 Allocation of Cost
		19.3.6 Alternative Cost
		19.3.7 Alternative Justifiable Cost (Expenditure)
		19.3.8 Justifiable Cost
		19.3.9 Specific (Exclusive) Cost
		19.3.10 Remaining Alternative Cost
		19.3.11 Separable Cost
		19.3.12 Joint Cost (Common Cost/Distribution Cost)
		19.3.13 Remaining Benefit
		19.3.14 Vendibility
	19.4 Basic Principles for Allocation of Cost
		19.4.1 Basic Components
		19.4.2 Basic Principle of Cost Allocation
		19.4.3 Common Allocation Procedures
		19.4.4 Current Cost Allocation Methods
	19.5 Brief Description of Each Method
		19.5.1 Alternative Cost Method
		19.5.2 Alternative Justifiable Cost Method (AJC Method)
		19.5.3 Bearability Concept
		19.5.4 Benefits Methods
		19.5.5 Ceiling Allocation (or Priority of Use) Method
		19.5.6 Equal Apportionment Method
		19.5.7 Separable Costs - Remaining Benefit Method (SCRB Method)
		19.5.8 Use of Facilities Method
		19.5.9 Vendibility Method
		19.5.10 Apportioning Joint Cost
		19.5.11 Suitability of the Various Methods
	19.6 Allocation Mechanisms Commonly Used
		19.6.1 Introduction
		19.6.2 The SCRB Method
		19.6.3 The Alternative Justifiable Expenditure Method (AJE)
		19.6.4 The Use-of-Facilities (UoF) Method
	19.7 Examples
	19.8 Precautions - Problems
	References
Chapter 20: Human Resources Management for Infrastructure
	20.1 Infrastructure and Its Design Requirements
		20.1.1 Nature and Characteristics of Failure
		20.1.2 Critical and Degraded Failures
		20.1.3 Evident Failures
		20.1.4 Hidden Failures
		20.1.5 Incipient Failures
		20.1.6 Incipiency
		20.1.7 Limits to the Application of Condition Monitoring
		20.1.8 Desirable Infrastructure Design Quality
	20.2 Infrastructure and its Operation Requirements
		20.2.1 The Operating Conditions
		20.2.2 The Feedback Control Model
		20.2.3 Life Without Failure
		20.2.4 Capability and Expectation
		20.2.5 Human Failures
	20.3 Infrastructure and its Maintenance Requirements
		20.3.1 Maintenance
		20.3.2 Types of Maintenance
		20.3.3 The Need for Maintenance
	20.4 Human Resources Availability
		20.4.1 Four Kinds of People
		20.4.2 Skills Required
		20.4.3 Training
	20.5 Manpower Training
		20.5.1 Maintenance Skills Facts
		20.5.2 Steps to a Successful Training Programme
		20.5.3 How to Get the Training an Organization Needs
	20.6 Human Resources Management for Infrastructure
		20.6.1 Managerial Power and Politics
		20.6.2 What Does Human Resource Management (HRM) Do?
		20.6.3 Quality Circles
		20.6.4 Service Delivery
	References
Chapter 21: Quality of Infrastructure Service Delivery
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Customer Service from Infrastructure Services
		21.1.2 Examples of Infrastructure
	21.2 Customer Expectations
		21.2.1 Apollo Hospital, Mauritius
		21.2.2 Victoria Hospital, Mauritius (Anecdote 1)
		21.2.3 Victoria Hospital, Mauritius (Anecdote 2)
		21.2.4 Clinic in Cape Town, South Africa
		21.2.5 Hospital in Paris, France
		21.2.6 Hospital in Toulouse, France
		21.2.7 Customs - Airport 27 August 2017
		21.2.8 New Road to Plaisance Airport, Mauritius
	21.3 Service
		21.3.1 Service
		21.3.2 Quality
		21.3.3 Service Quality
	21.4 Customer Perception
		21.4.1 Customer Expectations
		21.4.2 Word of Mouth Communications
		21.4.3 Personal Needs
		21.4.4 Past Experience
		21.4.5 External Communications
	21.5 Characteristics of Services
	21.6 The SERVQUAL Model
		21.6.1 The SERVQUAL Model
		21.6.2 Deficiencies Highlighted by the Model
		21.6.3 Expectancy Pattern
		21.6.4 Service Quality Determinants
	21.7 The RATER Model
		21.7.1 The RATER Model
		21.7.2 Understanding the RATER Metrics
	21.8 The GAP Model of Service Quality
		21.8.1 The GAP Model of Service Quality
		21.8.2 Knowledge Gap
		21.8.3 Standards or Policy Gap
		21.8.4 Delivery Gap
		21.8.5 Communications Gap
		21.8.6 Satisfaction Gap
		21.8.7 Summary
	21.9 Quality Service in the Public Sector
	21.10 Satisfying the Customer
	21.11 Cost Recovery as a Method to Improve Customer Service
	21.12 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 22: Infrastructure Implementation
	22.1 Examples of Project Implementation
		22.1.1 Taj Mahal
		22.1.2 The Great Pyramid
		22.1.3 The Space Race
		22.1.4 Resources
	22.2 What Is a Project? What Is Management?
		22.2.1 Project Definition
		22.2.2 Definitions
		22.2.3 Parties to the Project
			22.2.3.1 Promoter
			22.2.3.2 Consultant
			22.2.3.3 Contractors
			22.2.3.4 The Funding Agency
	22.3 Project Inspiration and Implementation
		22.3.1 Project Inspiration
		22.3.2 Appraisal by Client
		22.3.3 Appraisal (Review) by Third Party
	22.4 The Project Cycle
		22.4.1 Identification and Definition
		22.4.2 Preparation and Formulation
		22.4.3 Appraisal and Funding
		22.4.4 Implementation
		22.4.5 Evaluation
	22.5 Project or No Project
		22.5.1 Without Project State
		22.5.2 With Project State
		22.5.3 Without and With Project Comparison
	22.6 Project Management in Theory
		22.6.1 Introduction
		22.6.2 The Project Management Cycle
	22.7 Project Assessment
		22.7.1 Promoter´s Intention
		22.7.2 Establishment of Requirements
		22.7.3 Investigations by the Consultant
		22.7.4 Outline Programme
		22.7.5 Estimates of Cost
		22.7.6 Consultant´s Report or Feasibility Study
		22.7.7 Presentation to Promoter
		22.7.8 Form of Report
		22.7.9 Decision to Proceed With the Project
	22.8 Project Implementation
		22.8.1 Appointment of Contractor
		22.8.2 Appointment of Consultant
		22.8.3 Best Value at Budget Price
		22.8.4 Best Value With Weightage
			22.8.4.1 Typical Tendering Terms
			22.8.4.2 Observation
		22.8.5 Project Supervision
		22.8.6 Operation and Management
	22.9 Project Management in Practice
		22.9.1 Scope of Management
		22.9.2 Project Within Project
		22.9.3 Management Limitations
	22.10 The Project Management Cycle Re-visited
	References
Bibliography
Index