Information Technology For Management

Cover
Contents
Section I: Business Organisation and Role of Information Technology
	1. Introduction to Information Technology
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Why Information Technology?
			Opening of Global Markets
			Information Systems
			Organisation and Management
			Management Levels
		Management Roles
			Organisational Functions
		Types of Information Systems
			Transaction Processing System (TPS)
			Management Information Systems (MIS)
			Offi ce Automation Systems (OAS)
			Decision Support Systems (DSS)
			Executive Support System (ESS)
			Expert Systems (ES)
			Examples of TPS, MIS and DSS
			Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
		Where Does Technology Go From Here?
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	2. Strategic Information Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Uses of Information Systems
		Strategic Information Systems
			Value Chain Model
			Competitive Forces Models
			Wiseman’s Strategic Model
		IT for Competitive Advantage
			Implementing Strategic Information Systems
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
		Case II: IT Innovations
Section II: Technology Infrastructure
	Case II: IT Innovations 70
	3. Computer Hardware and Number Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		What are Computers?
		Typical Computer of Today
			Evolution of Computers
			Z2 Zuse Computer
			ENIAC Computer
			UNIVAC Computer
		Computer Generations
			First Generation—Vacuum Tubes (1939–1959)
			Second Generation—Transistors (1959–1965)
			Third Generation—Integrated Circuits (1965–1971)
			Fourth Generation—PCs and VSLI (1971–1991)
			Fifth Generation—Artifi cial Intelligence and Internet (1991 Till Date)
		Classifi cation of Computers
			According to Function
			According to Purpose
			According to Capabilities
		Computer Architecture
			Central Processing Unit
			Memory
			Input/Output Devices
			Secondary Storage
		Number Systems
			Binary Number System
			Octal Number System
			Hexadecimal Number System
		Conversion of Number System
			From Decimal to Binary
			From Binary to Decimal
			From Decimal to Octal
			From Octal to Decimal
			From Decimal to Hexadecimal
			From Hexadecimal to Decimal
		Binary Arithmetic
			Binary Addition
			Binary Subtraction
			Binary Multiplication
			Binary Division
		Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates
			Functions Performed by Logic Circuits
			Logical Gates
			Logic Gate Symbols
		Industry Trends
			DNA Computing
			Nanotechnology
			Wearable Computing
			Other Hardware Technologies
			Componentware
			Services Oriented Architecture (SOA)
			Autonomic Computing
			Grid Computing
			Cloud Computing
			Increased Storage and Network Bandwidth
			Appliances and Online Services
			Online Collaborative and Content Services
			Revolution in user Interface Design
			Business Computing
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	4. Computer Software
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Computer Software
			System Software
			Application Software
			Packaged Software
		Software Generations
			First Generation
			Second Generation
			Third Generation
			Fourth Generation
			Fifth Generation
		System Software
			System Management Programs
			System Support Programs
			System Development Programs
		Operating Systems
			Objectives of Operating Systems
			Services Provided by Operating System
			Operating System Functions
			Control and Processing Programs
			Types of Operating Systems
		Programming Languages
			Machine Language
			Assembly Language
			High Level Languages
			Fourth Generation Language
			Object-Oriented
		Characteristics of a Good Programming Language
			Ease of Learning
			Ease of Understanding
			Help with Enforcement of Correct Code
			Supported Platform Environments
			Portability
			Fit-for-Purpose
			Naturalness
			Effi ciency
			Structured
			Extensibility
			Suitability to its Environment
		Programming Translators
			Assembler
			Compilers
			Interpreters
		Application Software
			Types of Application Software
			Examples of Application Software
		Building Computer Programmes
			Defi ne
			Outline
			Develop the Algorithm
			Test
			Code
			Run (Execute)
			Documentation and Maintenance
		Selecting and Acquiring Software
			Licensed
			Sold
			Public Domain
			Open Source
			Freeware
			Shareware
			Needs to be Installed
			Runs Online
			Componentware
			Services-oriented Architecture (SOA)
		Types of Information Processing
			Batch Processing
			Real-time Processing
			Distributed Processing
			Parallel Processing
		Software Trends and Issues
			Mobile Applications
			Integration of In-house and Outsourced Services Strategy
			Cloud Based Enterprise Solutions
			Software Lifecycle Management
			Legacy Modernisation Delivers much-sought ROEI
			Service Level Agreement (SLA)
			Graphical user Interfaces get Richer
			Better Performance Comes to Rich Business Applications
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	5. Networks and Telecommunication Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Networks
			Types of Networks
		Network Topology
			Star Topology
			Ring Topology
			Bus Topology
			Tree Topology
			Mesh Topology
		Network Components
			Network Connectivity
			Hardware Devices
		Data Communication
			Modulation, Demodulation, and Modems
			Types of Analog Modulations
			Types of Digital Modulations
		Communication Channels
			Channel Confi gurations
			Channel Sharing
		Data Transmission
			Communication Channel Bandwidths
			Data Transmission Methods
			Modes of Data Transmission
			Data Communication Standards
			OSI Model
			TCP/IP Protocol
		Network Architectures
			Centralised Architecture
			Distributed Architecture
		Internet, Intranet and Extranet Applications
			Internet
			Intranet
			Extranet
		Virtualisation
			Why Virtualisation?
			Benefi ts of Virtualisation
			Broad Categories of Virtualisation
			Types of Virtualisation
		Cloud Computing
			What is Cloud Computing?
			Benefi ts of a Cloud
			Cloud Computing Models
			Types of Clouds
			Cloud Computing Challenges
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
Section III: Information Technology for Decision-making
	Case III: IT for Decision Making
	6. Excel Based Decision Models
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Getting Started
			Microsoft Excel Screen Elements
			Moving Around a Worksheet
		Selecting a Cell
			Selecting Range of Cells
			Entering Data in a Selected Cell
			Formulas
			AutoSum
			Calculate an Average
			Find the Lowest Number
			Find the Highest Number
			Count the Numbers in a Series of Numbers
		Cell Referencing
			Working with Excel
		Sorting and Filtering Data
		Saving, Opening and Closing Files
		Creating and Managing Charts
		Working with Multiple Worksheets
		Validating Data
		Protecting Cells
		Function Wizard (FX)
		If Function
		What-if Analysis
		Sensitivity Analysis (Data Tables)
		Sensitivity Analysis with Scenario Manager
		Evaluating Investments (Net Present Value (NPV))
			What is Net Present Value?
		Evaluating Project Investment Decisions using IRR
		Lookup Functions
		Auditing Tool
		Count Functions
		The Sumif Function
		Creating Subtotals
		PivotTables to Describe Data
		Resource Optimisation
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	7. Access Based Database Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Data Processing
			Data Processing Methods
			Data Processing Activities
			Data Organisation
		File Management System
		File Organisation
			Types of File Organisation
		Database Management System
			The Database
			Evolution of DBMS
			DBMS—A Concept
		Components of DBMS
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Management System
		Database Models
		Database Normalisation
			Rental Database Table
			First Normal Form (1NF)
			Second Normal Form (2NF)
			Third Normal Form (3NF)
			Boyce/Codd Normal Form
			Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
			Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
		Entity Relationship Models
			E-R Diagrams
		Creating and Managing Databases using Microsoft Access
			Starting Microsoft Access
			Navigation Pane and Access Objects
			Access Objects
			Creating Databases
		Managing Database Records
			Sorting Records
			Selecting Records
			Select using Filters
			Computing Totals
			Database Query
			Display All Records and All Fields
			Change from Datasheet View to Query Design View
			Selecting Columns
			Removing Column
			Printing Query Output
			Parameter Queries
			Expression Query
			Action Queries
			Make-Table Queries
			Delete Queries
			Append Queries
			Update Queries
			Crosstab Queries
		Forms
			Creating Forms
			Data Entry on Form
		Reports
			Use the Report Wizard
			Group
			Sort and Summarize
			Layout and Orientation
			Style
			Create a Title
			Managing Reports in Design View
			The Print Preview
			The Layout View
			Modify a Report
			Apply an Auto Format
			The Page Header and Footer
			The Detail Section
			The Report Header and Footer
			Display Only
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	8. SPSS—A Statistical Decision Tool
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Getting Started
			The SPSS Windows and Files
		Managing Data
			Defi ning or Redefi ning Variables
			Saving Data
			Opening Existing Data File
			Data Editing
		Analysing Data
			Frequency Tables
			The Output Viewer
			Frequencies: Charts
			Defi ning Value Labels and Missing Values
			Generating Summary Statistics
			Descriptives
			Comparing Means
			Case Processing Summary
			Report
		Changing Data
			Working with Dates
		Selecting and sorting Data
			The Data Menu
		Creating Cross-Tables
			Using the Pivot Table Editor
		Linear Regression
		Multiple Response Analysis
		Reading Data from Other Programs
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
Section IV: Inter and Intra-organizational Systems
	Case IV: Enterprise Systems
	9. E-Business Models
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Concepts of E-Business and E-Commerce
		Goals of E-Business
			Increasing Profi tability
			Increasing Customer Satisfaction
			Increasing Employee Motivation
			Improving Supplier Relationships
		Characteristics of E-Business
		Categories of E-Business Solutions
			Business-to-Business (B2B)
			Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
			Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
			Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
			Mobile Commerce
		Building E-Business Models
			Market Opportunity Analysis
			Value Proposition
			Online Strategy
			Resource Management
			Sources of Revenue
		E-Business Models
			Broker Model
			Auction Brokers
			Advertising Models
			Portal
			Infomediary Models
			Merchant Models
			Community Models
			E-procurement
		E-Business Security Issues
			Network Security
			Hacking
			Firewall
			Data Security
		E-Business Strategy
			E-Business Competitive Advantage
			Role of M-Commerce
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	10. Integrated Enterprise Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Integrated Information Systems
		Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
			ERP Components
			Characteristics of an ERP System
			Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP
			Implementing an ERP System
			Why ERP Projects Fail?
		Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
			Extracting Diamond from CRM
			Creating Customer Value
			Benefi ts of CRM
			Why CRM Projects Fail?
			CRM Solutions
		E-CRM
		Supply Chain Management (SCM)
			What is Supply Chain Management?
			Elements of a Supply Chain
			IT and Supply Chain Management
		Importance of ERP in SCM
		Enterprise Wide Information Portals
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
Section V: Building Intelligent Systems for Businesses
	Case V: Smart Knowledge Management Means Quick Money
	11. Decision Support Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Decision-Making
		The Decision Environment
		Approaches to Decision-making
			Optimising
			Satisfi cing
			Organisational
			Political
			Maximax
			Maximin
		Decision-making Procedure
			Problem Identifi cation
			Collect the Facts
			Generate Alternatives
			Evaluate Each Alternative
			Make the Decision
		Decision Models
			The Modelling Process
		Modelling Characteristics
		Types of Decision-Making
			Decisions Taken Under Conditions of Certainty (Structured Decisions)
			Decisions Taken Under Conditions of Risk (Semi-structured Decisions)
			Decisions Taken Under Conditions of Uncertainty (Un-structured Decisions)
		Decision Support Systems (DSS)
			Characteristics of DSS
			Types of DSS
		Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
		The Data Warehouse
			Components of Data Warehouse
			Creating Data Warehouse
			Process of Data Warehousing
			Data Warehouse Structure
			Data Analysis using Data Warehouse
		Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
			Relational OLAP
			Multi-dimensional OLAP
		Data Mining
			The Scope of Data Mining
			Extracting Knowledge
			Data Mining Tools
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	12. Knowledge Management and Intelligent Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Intelligent Systems
		Artifi cial Intelligence
			Applications of AI
			Future of AI
		Knowledge Management
			Value of Knowledge Management
			Characteristics of Knowledge Management
			Advantages of Knowledge Management
			Components of Knowledge Management
			Steps Involved in Creation of KM System
		Business Intelligence (BI)
			Aligning BI Systems
			Stages in Business Intelligence Process
		Intelligent Business
			Role of Metadata
		Competitive Intelligence
			Value of Competitive Intelligence
			Role of CI in Business
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
Section VI: Planning, Implementing and Managing Infromation Systems
	Case VI: Managing IT
	13. Planning and Implementing Information Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		Information System Planning (ISP)
			Four Stages of IS Planning
			IS Planning Methodologies
		Developing Information System
		System Development Phases
			Initiation Phase
			Planning/Analysis Phase
			Design Phase
			Development Phase
			Testing Phase
			Implementation Phase
			Maintenance Phase
		System Development Methodologies
			Waterfall Model
			Prototyping Model
			Extreme Programming
			Rapid Application Development Model
			Component Assembly Model
			Computer-aided Software Engineering
		Capability Maturity Model Integration
			Level 1—Initial
			Level 2—Repeatable
			Level 3—Defi ned
			Level 4—Managed
			Level 5—Optimising
			CMMI Components
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
	14. Managing Information Systems
		Chapter Objectives
		Introduction
		IT Infrastructure Management
		IT Service Management
			Goal of IT Service Management
		Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL)
			What is ITIL?
			Benefi ts of ITIL
		COBIT—An IT Governance Tool
			IT Governance Focus Areas
			COBIT Framework
			Why COBIT?
			How COBIT Fulfi ll the Need?
			COBIT’s Acceptability
		Roles and Responsibilities
			The Changing Role of the CIO
		Business Continuity Planning
			Roles and Responsibilities for BCP
			Performance of BCP Review
			BCP Related Policies and Processes
			Summary
			Key Terms
			Self-Study Questions
			Review Questions
			Questions for Discussion
			Application Exercises
			Group Projects
			Caselets
References
Index