Information Technologies in Biomedicine: Volume 2 (Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 69)

Title Page
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I Image Processing and CAD
	On a Hybrid Fuzzy Clustering Method
		Introduction
		Generalized Cost Function
			Weighted Myriad
			Weighted Meridian
			Generalized Cost Function
		Hybrid Clustering Method
			Data Clustering with the Hybrid Clustering Method
		Numerical Experiments
		Conclusions
		References
	Complete Gradient Clustering Algorithm for Features Analysis of X-Ray Images
		Introduction
		Complete Gradient Clustering Algorithm (CGCA)
			Kernel Density Estimation
			Procedures of the CGCA
		Materials and Methods
		Results and Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Dynamics of the Clusterization Process in an Adaptative Method of Image Segmentation
		Introduction
		Definitions and Fundamentals
		Segmentation Algorithm
			Generating the Initial Set of Clusters
			Merging the Clusters
			Adaptation of the Threshold Variance
			Dynamics of the Merging Process
		Conclusions
		References
	Application of AdaptiveWeighed Averaging to Digital Filtering of 2D Images
		Introduction
		Weighted Averaging Methods
			EBWA Method
			Adaptive Linear Spatial Filtering
		Numerical Experiments
			Experiments with Salt-and-Pepper Noise
			Experiments with Gaussian Noise
		Conclusions
		References
	Photodynamic Image e-Atlas in Diagnostic and Treatment Procedures
		Introduction
		Acquisition Module
		Image Archive and Presentation Module
		Computer Aided Diagnosis and Therapy
		Results
		Summary
		References
	Multiseries MR Data in Brain Tumours Segmentation
		Introduction
			Brain Tumours
			Nature of MR Imaging Data
			Brain Tumour Segmentation Approaches
		Segmentation Algorithm
			Segmentation of Contrast Enhanced T1W Series
			Perfusion Maps Analysis
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Symmetry Plane of the Brain on Perfusion MR Images
		Introduction
		Method
		Data Preprocessing
		Finding Characteristic Points
		Perpendicular Regression
		Results and Tests
		Conclusions
		References
	A Two-Step Method for Detection of Architectural Distortions in Mammograms
		Introduction
			Architectural Distortion
		Materials
		ArDist Method
			GF Method
			DD Method
			Results of ArDist Method
		Conclusion
		References
	An Instrument for Monitoring Inflow and Washout of an Optical Contrast Agent into the Brain
		Introduction
		Methods
		Results
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	4D Segmentation of Ewing’s Sarcoma in MR Images
		Ewing’s Sarcoma Segmentation Problem
		ROI Detection, Fuzzy C-Means Clustering
		Gaussian Mixture Model
		Fuzzy Connectedness
		Transformation
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Segmentation of Stained Lymphoma Tissue Section Images
		Introduction
		Materials
		Methods
			Algorithm Description
			Algorithm Implementation
			Evaluation of the Proposed Method
			Sample and Image Acquisition
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament – Extraction and 3D Visualization
		Introduction
		Location of the Cruciate Ligament Structure on the T1W MR Series
		Extraction of the Cruciate Ligament Structure from the T1W MR Series
		Numerical Results and Conclusion
		References
	Computerized Evaluation of Abnormal Hand Bone Patterns in Skeletal Dysplasias
		Introduction
		Materials
		Methods
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Method of Brain Structure Extraction for CT-Based Stroke Detection
		Introduction
		Method
			Stochastic Image Modeling
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Combined DICOM and HL7 Viewer in Support of a Bridge from Content-Based Image Retrieval to Computer-Aided Diagnosis
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			CBIR-Based CADx Scheme
			DICOM SR Encoded CBIR Results
			Query of HL7 Diagnostic Findings
			Mapping of DICOM and HL7 Identifiers
			Analysis of Data Capture Process
		Results
			System Design
			Implementation of IRMACON Viewer
			Layout of IRMACON Viewer
		Conclusions
		References
	3D Diagnostic System for Anatomical Structures Detection Based on a Parameterized Method of Body Surface Analysis
		Introduction
		Telescreening Diagnostic System
			Measurement System
			Database
			Calculation and Diagnosis Support
		Conclusions
		References
	Reconstruction of the Pelvic Region Based on the Statistical Shape Modeling
		Introduction
		Methods
		Results and Discussion
		Conclusions and Future Work
		References
	Automatic Measuring of the Iridocorneal Angle in the Optical Coherence Tomographic Image of the Anterior Segment of the Eye
		Introduction
		Image Acquisition
		Existing Methods of the Iridocorneal Angle Analysis
		Results Obtained by Existing Algorithms
		Conclusion
		References
	Parametric Curves in Liver Deformation for Laparoscopic Purposes
		Introduction
		Data Collecting
		Deformation Modelling
		Results
		Future Works
		References
	Fractal Analysis of Dental Radiographic Images in the Irregular Regions of Interest
		Introduction
		Practical Assessment of Fractal Dimension
			Rectangular Prism Surface Area Method— “Skyscraper Method”
			Triangular Prism Surface Area Method
			Intensity Difference Scaling Method
		Irregular Regions of Interest
		Experiments – Intensity Difference Scaling Method
			Magnetic Resonance Image
			Pantomogram (Panoramic Radiograph)
			Dental Radiovisiographic Image
		Conclusions
		References
Part II Computer Aided Surgery
	Computer-Assisted Navigation in Brain TumorSurgery
		Introduction
		Clinical Material
			Procedures Performed
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Computer Aided Alternative Methods of Dental Implants Placement
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Conclusion
		References
Part III Biometrics
	An Idea of Human Voice Reaction Measurement System under the Aspect of Behavioral Biometric
		Behavioral Biometric – Introduction
		Structure of the Measurement System
			Hardware and Software
		Experiment
		Conclusion
		References
	Biomedically Aided Car Driver Safety System
		Introduction
		Standardization of Driver’s Road Behaviours
		The Analysis of Driver’s Behaviours
		Biocybernetics System of Driving Behaviours Analysis
			Psycho-physiological State Determination
			Proposition of Measurement System
		Conclusions
		References
Part IV Signal Processing
	Myriad Filter Computation with 2nd Order Approximation Polynomial
		Introduction
		The M-Estimator and the Myriad Filter
		Estimation of the Output Myriad Filter Using 2nd Order Approximation Polynomial
		Filtering Procedure
		Results of Filtering
		Conclusion
		References
	Electrophysiology-Based Monitoring System for a Human in Motion
		Introduction
		Monitoring Aspects
			Waves and Intervals
			Mean Electrical Axis
			Respiration Signal
			Oxygen Saturation
		SystemDesign
			Hardware Setup
			Connection Modes and Data Flow
			Data Format
		Software
		Experimental Database
		Future Tests
		Discussion
		References
	Analysis of Major Adverse Cardiac Events with Entropy-Based Complexity
		Introduction
		Geostatistical Entropy (GeoEn)
		Analysis of Major Adverse Cardiac Events
			Data
			Results
		Conclusion
		References
	Adaptive Time-Varying Frequency Characteristic Filtering of ECG Signal
		Introduction
		Adaptive Filtering Method
		Numerical Experiments
		Summary
		References
	Heart Rate Analysis in the EGG Examination
		Introduction
		Method
			The EGG Preprocessing
			The ECG Preprocessing
			Calculation of Power Spectrum Density
			Calculation of Dominant Frequency for Segments
			Calculation of LF/HF Balance for Segments
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Convergence Improving in Evolution–Based Technique for Estimation and Separation of Electrooculography and Blinking Signals
		Introduction
		Model-Based Optimization Approach
		Improving Convergence by Initialization
		Results for Proposed Optimization Method
		Conclusions
		References
Part V Bioinformatics
	Classification of DNA Microarray Data with Random Forests
		Random Forests in Microarray Data Classification
		Data Used in the Experiment
		Description of the Classification System
		Quality of Random Forests DNA Microarray Classification
		Final Conclusions
		References
	Homogeneity Assessment of Cell Populations for High Content Screening Platforms
		Introduction
		Materials
		Methods
			HCS Platform Components
			Image Preprocessing and Extraction of Intensity Patterns
			Pattern Similarity Analysis via Kullback-Leibler Divergence
			Homogeneity Assessment Based on Similarity Measure
		Results
		Conclusions and Discussion
		References
	Automated Cell Nuclei Segmentation in Breast Cancer Fine Needle Biopsy Smears
		Introduction
		Fuzzy Clustering with Shape Constraints
		Cell Nuclei Segmentation
		Experimental Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Model of Optical Sectioning by Using Structured Light in a Conventional Microscope
		Introduction
		Principals of the Method
		Model
		Results
		Conclusion
		References
	Evaluation of Antibacterial Agents Activity
		Introduction
		Theoretical Concepts of Proposed Image Processing Analysis of Bacteria Colonies
		Antibacterial Efficiency Evaluated by Means of Optical Transforms
			Materials and Methods
			The Evaluation of Antibacterial Agents Activity
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI Telemedicine
	Discrete Nonlinear Control of the Diagnostic Quality in Distributed Telemedical Systems
		Introduction
		Principles of Non-uniform Control
			Components of the Control Loopback
			Static Properties and Control Accuracy
			Automatic Scoring of the Procedure Performance
			Dynamic Properties of the ECG Processing Optimization
		Experiments and Results
			Prototype Details
			Experimental Setup
			Static Accuracy of the Processing Optimization
			Dynamic Properties and Temporal Convergence
		Discussion
		References
	Sleep Evaluation Device for Home-Care
		Introduction
		Measurement Modalities and Methods
			Analysis of Heart Rate Variability
			Analysis of Subject’s Motion
			Analysis of Acoustic Effects
		SystemDesign
		Software Design
		Conclusions and Future Works
		References
	A Graph Representation of Subject’s Time-State Space
		Introduction
		Principles of the Surveillance System
			State and Behavior Observation
			Qualification of the Behavior
		A Graph Representation of Subject’s Behavior
			Definition of Subject’s State Graph
			A Graph Representation of Subject’s Habits
			Quantifying of Behavior Differences
		Discussion
		References
	Data Integration in Multimodal Home Care Surveillance and Communication System
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Electrical Activity of the Heart
			Mechanical Activity of the Body
			Electrical Activity of the Brain as Status Determinant
			Subject’s Motion Assessment and Emergency Detection in Context of the Localization
			Voluntary Activity of the Brain as Command Representation
			Voluntary Eye Movements as Command Representation
		Results
		Discussion
		References
	Open Standards as a Basis of the Information Services Platform in Health Care Area
		Introduction
		Tendencies in the Development of System Integrations and Operability
		Open Standards – Information Exchange Format XML
		Summary
		References
Part VII Biomechanics
	Application of Motion Analysis Systems in the Designing of a Rehabilitation Device
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Results and Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Control System for a Limb Rehabilitation Robot
		Introduction
		Assumptions of the Control System
		Construction of the Robot Control System
		Construction of the Measurement and Performance Node
		Verification of the Concept of a Rehabilitation Robot Control System
		Conclusions
		References
	Methodology of Examining Fracture Surfaces of Biomaterials by Means of Modelling and Multifractal Analysis
		Introduction to the Problem
		Acquisition of Stereometric Data for the Material Investigated
		The Minimal Spanning Tree Method – 3DMST
		Multifractal Analysis of Fracture Surface Based on 3DMST
		Conclusions and Further Work
		References
	ACL Rehabilitation Enhanced by 3D Modeling Software
		Introduction
		Traditional Approach towards Rehabilitation
		ACL Rehabilitation
		The Use of 3D Modeling Application in ACL Rehabilitation Process
		Computer Application
		Conclusion
		References
	Numerical Analysis of Spine Stabilizers on Lumbar Part of Spine
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
			Results of Analysis of Lumbar Spine - Transpedicular Stabilizer System
			Results of Analysis of Lumbar Spine – Pate Stabilizer System
		Conclusions
		References
	Numerical Analysis of Low Contact Plate Made of Alternative Metallic Biomaterials
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Geometrical Model
			Numerical Model
			Boundary Conditions
		Results
			Tibia - Stainless Steel LCP System
			Tibia - Ti-6Al-4V LCP System
		Conclusions
		References
	Metatarsal Osteotomy Using Double-Threaded Screws - Biomechanical Analysis
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Biomechanical Behaviour of Surgical Drills in Simulated Conditions of Drilling in a Bone
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Geometrical Model
			Numerical Model
			Boundary Conditions
		Results
			Strength Analysis Results - Variant I
			Strength Analysis Results - Variant II
		Conclusions
		References
	FEM Analysis of Instruments Used in Root Canal Preparation
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Specific Evaluation of Pelvic Radiograms and Hip BMD in Structural Scoliosis Reflectorica and Reactive Pain Conditions of the Backbone
		Introduction
			Study Objective
			Patients Studied
			Exclusion Criteria
		Methods
			Scoliosis Angle Assessment
			Assessment of the Hip Column by Means of the DXA Method
			Assessment of the Reference Points in the Pelvis
			Photoplanimetric Assessment of the Muscular Structure of the Back
		Results
		Conclusions
			Discussion
		References
Part VIII Bronchoscopy
	The BRONCHOVID – Computer System
		The Rationale for Development of Next Generation Computer System for Bronchoscopy Support
			The Role of Bronchoscopy in Respiratory Medicine
			The Evolution of User Needs in Relation to Computer Support for Bronchoscopy Procedures and Data Management
		Requirements
		System Architecture
			Hardware and Software Solution
			Data Repository
			Real Time Analysis
			Editor
			Virtual Bronchoscopy
			Data Browser
		Deployment, Results and Future Development
		References
	3D Segmentation and Visualisation of Mediastinal Structures Adjacent to Tracheobronchial Tree from CT Data
		Introduction
		Segmentation of Mediastinal Structures Located in the Vicinity of the Tracheobronchial Tree
			Segmentation Method Based on Region Growing and Deformable Models
			Analysis of Segmentation Effectiveness
		Automatic Generation of the Navigation Path
		Visualisation
		Summary
		References
	Algorithms for Automatic Recognition of Non-informative Frames in Video Recordings of Bronchoscopic Procedures
		Introduction
		Approaches to Detection of “Non-informative” Frames
			Edge Detection
			MPEG-7 Descriptors
			HSV Histogram and Neural Networks
			Discrete Cosine Transform Method
		Evaluation and Results
			Evaluation Environment
			Analysis of Results
		Conclusions
		Further Work
		References
	Using MPEG-7 Descriptors and Scoring Model to Automatically Recognize Medical Events in the Record of Bronchoscopy Video
		Introduction
		MPEG-7 and Collected Data
			MPEG-7 Description
			Describing Bronchoscopy Videos Examinations
		Scoring Methodology
		The Model Estimation
			Bleeding
			Mucosal Pallor
		Conclusions
		References
	Three Stage Method Assisting Endobronchial Tumor Mass Recognition in Bronchoscopy Images
		Introduction
			Informative Frames in Videobronchoscopy
			Computer Assistance of Bronchoscopy Diagnosis
		Material and Methods
			Three Stage Method Description
		Experiments and Results
		Conclusions
		References
	Application of SIFT Image Analysis Method to Support Transbronchial Needle-Aspiration Biopsy
		Introduction
		Outline of the SIFT Method
		Modification and Implementation of the SIFT Method
		Verification of the Quality of the Method on Sequences of Pictures Generated during Bronchoscopic Examination
		Verification of Real-Time Calculation Capability of the Method in Longer Image Sequences (Films)
		Conclusions
		References
	Analysis of Images of Bronchial Tree Ramifications for Summarization of Bronchoscopic Videos
		Introduction
		Algorithm
		Shape Descriptors
		Examples
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Prototype Software for Video Summary of Bronchoscopy Procedures with the Use of Mechanisms Designed to Identify, Index and Search
		Introduction
		Algorithm
			“Non-informative” Frames
			Markers from Medical Treatment
			Frames Annotated by Medical Doctors as References of Pathologies
			Trachea-Bronchial Tree Branching (Ramifications)
			Automatically Discovered Pathologies
		Implementation
			Implementation of Methods for Acquiring Inclusive/Exclusive Factors
			Implementation of Graphical User Interface
		Conclusions and Further Work
		References
	Perception Enhancement of Bronchoscopic Video
		Background
		Assessment of the Bronchoscopy Image
			Bronchoscopy with Image Magnification
			Narrow Band Imaging
			Autofluorescence Bronchoscopy
			Endobronchial Thermic Measurement
			Spectroscopic Techniques
			Endoscopic Microscopy
		Methods of Perception Enhancement
			Material
			Methods
		Experimental Study
		Conclusions
		References
Part IX Magnetic Field
	Analysis of Magnetic Field Distribution and Mechanical Vibration of Magnetic Field Exciter under Different Voltage Supply
		Introduction
		Scope of the Work and Laboratory Equipment
		Mathematical Model Formulation of Field Exciter and Results of Simulation
		Measurement Results of Real Exciter
		Results of Vibration Measurement
		Summary
		References
Author Index