Information Technologies for Remote Monitoring of the Environment

Cover......Page 1
Front page......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Figures......Page 16
Tables......Page 22
Abbreviations and acronyms......Page 26
About the authors......Page 32
Summary......Page 34
1.1 PRINCIPAL CONCEPT OF GEOINFORMATION-MONITORING TECHNOLOGY......Page 36
1.2.1 Principal aspects of GIMS technology......Page 39
1.2.2 The Alabama Mesonet Soil Moisture Field Experiment......Page 46
1.2.3 The GIMS for Bulgaria......Page 51
1.3 THE GIMS STRUCTURE......Page 55
1.4 EVOLUTIONARY TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING......Page 61
1.5 A GLOBAL MODEL AS A UNIT OF THE GIMS......Page 66
1.7 A GIMS-BASED SIMULATION EXPERIMENT......Page 76
1.8 GIMS-BASED REMOTE-SENSING RESEARCH PLATFORMS......Page 78
1.9.1 Microwave radiometers, radar systems, and thermal infrared radiometers......Page 92
1.9.2 The field experiment......Page 94
1.9.3.1 Ground truth measurements......Page 95
1.9.3.2 Microwave sensor systems......Page 96
1.9.4.1 Meteorological measurements......Page 97
1.9.4.3 Surface temperature measurements......Page 98
1.9.4.5 Rover-based brightness temperature analysis......Page 99
1.9.4.6 Rover-based retrieved soil moisture at the 6 and 21 cm wavelengths......Page 100
1.9.4.7 Unmanned helicopter-based brightness temperature analysis......Page 101
1.9.4.8 Unmanned helicopter-based retrieval of soil moisture at 6 cm......Page 102
1.9.5 Summary and conclusion......Page 104
1.10 CONCLUSION......Page 105
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 107
2.2 PRINCIPAL DEFINITIONS......Page 108
2.3 SURVIVABILITY MODEL......Page 112
2.4 STABLE STRATEGIES WITHIN THE SURVIVABILITY MODEL......Page 123
2.5 BIOCOMPLEXITY RELATED TO ECOSYSTEM SURVIVAVILITY......Page 127
2.5.1 Biocomplexity and survivability indicators......Page 128
2.5.2 The nature–society system biocomplexity model......Page 134
2.5.3.1 The Okhotsk Sea ecosystem case......Page 135
2.5.3.2 Upwelling ecosystem case......Page 139
2.6 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ACID RAIN......Page 142
3.1.1 Some history......Page 152
3.1.2 Present state of NSS modeling......Page 156
3.1.3 Encouraging view......Page 159
3.1.4 Perspectives and hope......Page 162
3.2 GLOBAL MODEL AND THE GIMS......Page 164
3.3 THE NSS GLOBAL MODEL......Page 166
3.4.1 Backdrop......Page 172
3.4.2 A new type of global model......Page 173
3.4.3.1 General description of the global model......Page 177
3.4.3.2 Model of the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon dioxide......Page 178
3.4.4.1 Sulfur unit......Page 194
3.4.4.2 Nitrogen unit......Page 197
3.4.4.3 Phosphorus, oxygen, and ozone units......Page 201
3.4.5 World Ocean bioproductivity......Page 202
3.4.6 Units of biogeocenotic, hydrologic, and climatic processes......Page 203
3.4.7 Demographic unit......Page 205
3.4.8 Global simulation experiments......Page 206
3.4.9 Concluding remarks......Page 209
4.1 THE WORLD OCEAN AS A COMPLEX HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM......Page 211
4.2 THE SYNTHESIS OF OCEAN ECOSYSTEM MODELS......Page 213
4.3 EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE DYNAMICS OF OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS......Page 215
4.4.1 Arctic Basin and problems facing its study......Page 219
4.4.2 Upwelling ecosystem......Page 225
4.4.3 Peruvian Current ecosystem......Page 234
4.5.1 Arctic Basin pollution problems......Page 238
4.5.2.1 SSMAE structure......Page 239
4.5.2.2 Marine biota block (MBB)......Page 242
4.5.2.3 Hydrological block (HBB)......Page 248
4.5.2.4 Pollution simulation model (PSM)......Page 249
4.5.2.5 Simulation results......Page 251
4.5.2.6 Summary and conclusions......Page 261
4.5.3 Interactions in the Arctic system......Page 263
4.5.3.1 An AYRS simulation model......Page 265
4.5.3.2 In situ measurements......Page 272
4.5.3.3 Analysis instrumentation and methods......Page 275
4.5.3.4 Summary of expedition results......Page 276
4.5.3.5 Experiments using the AYRSSM......Page 282
4.5.4 Dynamics of the carbon cycle in the Arctic......Page 284
5.1.1 Characteristics of the Aral–Caspian aquageosystem......Page 291
5.1.2 Remote-monitoring data......Page 296
5.1.3 Theoretical information model of the Aral–Caspian aquageosystem......Page 299
5.1.4 Simulation experiments using a GIMS-adopted procedure......Page 303
5.2.1 The GIMS and cold seas......Page 307
5.2.2 Block diagram and principal structure of the SMOSE......Page 312
5.2.3 Marine biota block......Page 313
5.2.4 Hydrological block......Page 317
5.2.5 Simulation procedure and experiments......Page 319
5.2.6 Concluding remarks......Page 324
6.1.1 Classical and sequential procedures......Page 327
6.1.2 Universality of the sequential procedure......Page 329
6.2 SCHEME OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCEDURE USING SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS......Page 330
6.3 PARAMETRICAL ESTIMATES FOR THE SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE......Page 334
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 338
6.4.2 Statistical analyzer......Page 339
6.4.3 Error probability assessment of the system and requisite delay memory capacity with constant expectation time......Page 340
6.4.4 Evaluating system error probability and requisite memory capacity delay with a constant number of computer storage registe......Page 341
6.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE SEQUENTIAL DECISION-MAKING PROCEDURE......Page 343
6.6 EXPERT SYSTEM FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN THE ESTUARY ZONE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA COAST IN VIETNAM......Page 347
6.7.1 Natural catastrophes and monitoring problems......Page 352
6.7.2 Natural catastrophes as dynamic phenomena......Page 354
6.7.3 Method for forecasting natural catastrophes......Page 357
6.7.4 Search and discovery of the imminence of natural catastrophes......Page 358
6.8.1 Phases of the ocean–atmosphere system......Page 360
6.8.2 Monitoring data......Page 367
6.8.3 Percolation procedure......Page 369
6.8.4 Predicting the path of a tropical cyclone......Page 377
6.8.5 Concluding remarks and future tasks......Page 380
6.9 EXPERT SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY POLLUTANTS ON THE WATER SURFACE......Page 381
7.1 MICROWAVE METHODS......Page 387
7.2 PHYSICAL, THEORETICAL, AND EXPERIMENTAL BACKGROUND OF MICROWAVE MONITORING......Page 389
7.3 REMOTE-SENSING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INFRARED AND OPTICAL BANDS......Page 393
7.4 MONITORING SOIL–PLANT FORMATIONS......Page 395
7.5 MICROWAVE MONITORING OF SOIL MOISTURE......Page 401
7.6 MICROWAVE RADIOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OF TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES......Page 405
7.7 MICROWAVE MONITORING OF THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 408
7.8 MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY IN REMOTE MONITORING OF THE OCEAN......Page 419
7.9.1 Data reconstruction using harmonic functions......Page 424
7.9.2 Method for parametric identification of environmental objects......Page 426
7.9.3 Method of differential approximation......Page 428
7.9.4.1 Method of solution and estimation of error......Page 429
7.9.4.2 Solution of equation y(n) = f(x,y,y!,...,y(n-1))......Page 432
7.9.4.3 Solution of a system of ordinary differential equations......Page 433
7.9.4.4 Solutions of equations with known moments on the right-hand side......Page 435
7.9.4.5 Refinements of approximate solutions of Volterra integral equations......Page 436
7.10 GEOINFORMATION SYSTEM TO MONITOR AGRICULTURE......Page 439
7.11 AN ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGY TO CLASSIFY AND INTERPRET REMOTE-SENSING DATA OF THE WATER SURFACE QUALITATIVELY......Page 441
7.12 A DEVICE TO MEASURE GEOPHYSICAL AND HYDROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS......Page 444
7.13 DIRECT AND INVERSE PROBLEMS OF MICROWAVE MONITORING......Page 448
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 452
8.2 THE ATTENUATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BY VEGETATION MEDIA......Page 454
8.3 LINKS BETWEEN EXPERIMENTS, ALGORITHMS, AND MODELS......Page 462
8.4.1 Two-level model of vegetation cover......Page 463
8.4.2 Analytical model of vegetation cover......Page 466
8.5.1 General approach to modeling biocenology......Page 467
8.5.2 Biocenotic model......Page 471
8.5.3 Classification of soil–plant formations......Page 472
8.5.4 Modeling forest ecosystems......Page 474
8.5.5 Modeling energy fluxes in the atmosphere–plant–soil system......Page 479
8.5.6 A model of leaf canopy photosynthesis......Page 481
8.5.7 Modeling production processes in coniferous forests......Page 486
8.5.8 Modeling succession processes in the tundra–taiga system......Page 490
8.6.1 The greenhouse effect and forest ecosystems......Page 493
8.6.2 A new type of environmental monitoring......Page 494
8.7 CLOSING REMARKS......Page 495
References......Page 498
Index......Page 523