Information-Powered Engines

Supervisor\'s Foreword
Acknowledgments
Parts of This Thesis Have Been Published in the Following Journal Articles
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Engines in Fluctuating Environments
		1.1.1 Engines Operating Without Feedback
			Molecular Motor Models
		1.1.2 Engines with Feedback
	1.2 Fluctuation-Powered Engines
		1.2.1 Maxwell Demon
			Szilard Engine
			Information-Processing Cost
		1.2.2 Second-Law Related Experiments on InformationEngines
			Experimental Realizations of Information Engines
			Efficient Information Engines
	1.3 Energy-Harvesting Information Engines
	1.4 Thesis Outline
	References
2 Theory Background
	2.1 Bead Dynamics
	2.2 Optical Trap
	2.3 Discrete Dynamics
		2.3.1 Itô and Stratonovich Conventions
	2.4 Stochastic Thermodynamics
		2.4.1 Continuous-Time Energy Estimate
		2.4.2 Discrete-Time Energy Estimate
	2.5 Probability Density of Bead Dynamics
		2.5.1 Bead in a Static Harmonic Trap
		2.5.2 Bead in a Translating Trap
	2.6 Hydrodynamics of a Moving Bead
	2.7 Summary
	References
3 Experimental Apparatus
	3.1 Optical Feedback Tweezers
	3.2 Bead and Trap Position Calibration
	3.3 Acousto-Optic Deflector
		3.3.1 Feedback Delay
	3.4 Experimental Parameter Estimates
	3.5 Measurement-Noise Control
	3.6 Kalman-Filtered Position Estimate
		3.6.1 Kalman Filter Estimator
		3.6.2 Kalman Filter Performance
	3.7 Dual-Trap Apparatus
	3.8 External Electrical Noise Source
	3.9 Summary
	References
4 High-Performance Information Engine
	4.1 Information Engine Model
		4.1.1 Trap Dynamics
	4.2 Power and Velocity Calculation
		4.2.1 Unbiased Velocity Estimator
	4.3 Parameter Optimization
		4.3.1 Trap Work
		4.3.2 Sampling Frequency
		4.3.3 Threshold
		4.3.4 Trap Stiffness
		4.3.5 Bead Diameter
		4.3.6 Velocity
	4.4 Universal Scaling Law
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Trajectory Control Using an Information Engine
	5.1 Horizontal Velocity
	5.2 Bead Dynamics
	5.3 Trap Dynamics
	5.4 Tracking Algorithm
	5.5 Trajectory Control
	5.6 Measurement of the Feedback Bandwidth
	5.7 Conclusion
	References
6 Bayesian Information Engine
	6.1 Equation of Motion
	6.2 Energy Estimators
		6.2.1 Unbiased Work Estimator
	6.3 Naive Information Engine
	6.4 Phase Transition in Naive Information Engine
	6.5 Bayesian Information Engine
	6.6 Results
	6.7 Conclusion
	References
7 Information Engine in a Nonequilibrium Bath
	7.1 Experimental Apparatus
	7.2 Equations of Motion
	7.3 Energy Measurements
	7.4 Frequency Dependence of Output Power
	7.5 Amplitude Dependence of Output Power
	7.6 Optimum Scaled Mass
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Identifying Information Engines
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Power-Stroke and Information Controller
	8.3 Energy Flow Measurements
	8.4 Power-Stroke Engine Characterization
	8.5 Probability Distribution of an Information Engine
	8.6 Drift-Diffusion Engine
	8.7 Displacement Distribution
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9 Conclusion
	9.1 Future Directions
		9.1.1 Short-Term Projects
			Technical Improvements
		9.1.2 Longer-Term Goals
	References
A Other Information Engine Models
	A.1 Transporter Information Engine
	A.2 Cooling Information Engine
B Hydrodynamic Flows
C Feedforward Engine
	References