Information Modeling and Relational Databases

Front Cover
Information Modeling and Relational Databases
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
	Online resources
	ORM software
	Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1. Information Modeling
	1.2. Information Modeling Approaches
	1.3. Historical Background
	1.4. The Relevant Skills
	1.5. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 2: Information Levels and Frameworks
	2.1. Four Information Levels
	Exercise 2.1
	2.2. The Conceptual Level
	Exercise 2.2
	2.3. Database Design Example
	2.4. Development Frameworks
	2.5. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 3: Conceptual Modeling: First Steps
	3.1. Conceptual Modeling Language Criteria
	3.2. Conceptual Schema Design Procedure
	3.3. CSDP Step 1: From Examples to Elementary Facts
	Exercise 3.3
	3.4. CSDP Step 2: Draw Fact Types and Populate
	Exercise 3.4
	3.5. CSDP Step 3: Trim Schema; Note Basic Derivations
	Exercise 3.5
	3.6. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 4: Uniqueness Constraints
	4.1. Introduction to CSDP Step 4
	4.2. Uniqueness Constraints on Unaries and Binaries
	Exercise 4.2
	4.3. Uniqueness Constraints on Longer Fact Types
	Exercise 4.3
	4.4. External Uniqueness Constraints
	Exercise 4.4
	4.5. Arity Checks
	Exercise 4.5
	4.6. Projections and Joins
	Exercise 4.6
	4.7. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 5: Mandatory Roles
	5.1. Introduction to CSDP Step 5
	5.2. Mandatory and Optional Roles
	Exercise 5.2
	5.3. Reference Schemes
	Exercise 5.3
	5.4. Case Study: A Compact Disc Retailer
	Exercise 5.4
	5.5. Logical Derivation Check
	Exercise 5.5
	5.6. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 6: Value, Set-Comparison, and Subtype Constraints
	6.1. Introduction to CSDP Step 6
	6.2. Basic Set Theory
	6.3. Value Constraints and Independent Types
	Exercise 6.3
	6.4. Subset, Equality, and Exclusion Constraints
	Exercise 6.4
	6.5. Subtyping
	Exercise 6.5
	6.6. Generalization of Object Types
	Exercise 6.6
	6.7. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 7: Other Constraints and Final Checks
	7.1. Introduction to CSDP Step 7
	7.2. Frequency Constraints
	Exercise 7.2
	7.3. Ring Constraints
	Exercise 7.3
	7.4. Other Constraints and Rules
	Exercise 7.4
	7.5. Final Checks
	Exercise 7.5
	7.6. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 8: Entity-Relationship Modeling
	8.1. Overview of ER
	8.2. Barker Notation
	8.3. Information Engineering Notation
	8.4. IDEF1X
	8.5. Mapping from ORM to ER
	Exercise 8.5
	8.6. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 9: Data Modeling in UML
	9.1. Introduction
	9.2. Object-Orientation
	9.3. Attributes
	9.4. Associations
	9.5. Set-Comparison Constraints
	9.6. Subtyping
	9.7. Other Constraints and Derivation Rules
	9.8. Mapping from ORM to UML
	Exercise 9.8
	9.9. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 10: Advanced Modeling Issues
	10.1. Join Constraints
	Exercise 10.1
	10.2. Deontic Rules
	Exercise 10.2
	10.3. Temporality
	Exercise 10.3
	10.4. Collection Types
	Exercise 10.4
	10.5. Nominalization and Objectification
	Exercise 10.5
	10.6. Open/Closed World Semantics
	Exercise 10.6
	10.7. Higher-Order Types
	Exercise 10.7
	10.8. Further Constraints Involving Subtyping
	10.9. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 11: Relational Mapping
	11.1. Implementing a Conceptual Schema
	11.2. Relational Schemas
	Exercise 11.2
	11.3. Relational Mapping Procedure
		Mapping 1:1 Associations
		Mapping External Uniqueness Constraints
		Mapping Objectified Associations
		Mapping Subtypes
	Exercise 11.3
	11.4. Advanced Mapping Aspects
	Exercise 11.4
	11.5. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 12: Relational Languages
	12.1. SQL: Relational Algebra
		Union, Intersection, and Difference
		Cartesian Product (Unrestricted Join)
		Relational Selection
		Relational Projection
		Relational Joins
		Relational Division
		Renaming
		Query Strategies
	Exercise 12.1
	12.2. Relational Database Systems
	12.3. SQL: Historical and Structural Overview
	12.4. SQL: Identifiers and Data Types
	Exercise 12.4
	12.5. SQL: Choosing Columns, Rows, and Order
	Exercise 12.5
	12.6. SQL: Joins
	Exercise 12.6
	12.7. SQL: in, between, like, and is null Operators
	Exercise 12.7
	12.8. SQL: Union and Simple Subqueries
	Exercise 12.8
	12.9. SQL: Scalar Operators and Bag Functions
	Exercise 12.9
	12.10. SQL: Grouping
	Exercise 12.10
	12.11. SQL: Correlated and Existential Subqueries
	Exercise 12.11
	12.12. SQL: Recursive Queries
	12.13. SQL: Updating Table Populations
	12.14. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 13: Other Database Features
	13.1. SQL: The Bigger Picture
	13.2. SQL: Defining Tables
		Creating Tables
		Maintaining Referential Integrity
		Changing Table Definitions
	13.3. SQL: Views
	Exercise 13.3
	13.4. SQL: Triggers
	Exercise 13.4
	13.5. SQL: Routines
		User-Defined Functions (UDFs)
		Stored Procedures
	Exercise 13.5
	13.6. More Database Objects
		Sequences
		Indexes
		Cursors
	13.7. Transactions and Concurrency
	13.8. Security and Metadata
	13.9. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 14: Schema Transformations
	14.1. Schema Equivalence and Optimization
	14.2. Predicate Specialization and Generalization
		Other Kinds of Predicate Specialization/Generalization
	Exercise 14.2
	14.3. Nesting, Coreferencing, and Flattening
	Exercise 14.3
	14.4. Other Transformations
	Exercise 14.4
	14.5. Conceptual Schema Optimization
	Exercise 14.5
	14.6. Normalization
	Exercise 14.6
	14.7. Denormalization and Low-Level Optimization
	Exercise 14.7
	14.8. Reengineering
	Exercise 14.8
	14.9. Data Migration and Query Transformation
	Exercise 14.9
	14.10. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 15: Process and State Modeling
	15.1. Modeling Dynamic Behavior
	15.2. Processes and Workflow
	15.3. Foundations for Process Theory
	15.4. State Models
	15.5. Modeling Information Dynamics in UML
		Activity Diagrams
		State Machine Diagrams
		Executable UML
	15.6. Business Process Standards Initiatives
	15.7. Business Process Model and Notation
	15.8. Standard Process Patterns
	15.9. Process Models, Databases, and ORM
	15.10. Decision Model and Notation
	Exercise 15.10
	15.11. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 16: Data File Formats
	16.1. External Data Structures
	16.2. XML
		XML Structure
		SQL/XML
		Using XQuery
	Exercise 16.2
	16.3. JSON
		SQL/JSON
	16.4. Other Markup Languages
	16.5. XML, JSON, and ORM
	16.6. Summary
		Chapter Notes
Chapter 17: NoSQL and Other Nonrelational Databases
	17.1. The Growth of the NoSQL Movement
		The Relational Model
		Distributed Databases
		The CAP Theorem
		ACID and BASE
		Availability
		NoSQL Benefits
		Potential Drawbacks of NoSQL Databases
	17.2. Key-Value Stores
	17.3. Column-Oriented Databases
	17.4. Document Databases
		Linking Data
		Partitioning
		Indexing
		Database Queries
	17.5. Graph Databases
		Graph Database Queries
		Populating a Graph Database
		Updating and Deleting
		Comparison With Relational Databases
		Mapping ORM to a Graph Database
	17.6. Other Nonrelational Databases
		Object Orientation
		Deductive Database Systems
		Other Database Varieties
		Artificial Intelligence
	17.7. Summary
Chapter 18: Other Modeling Aspects and Trends
	18.1. Introduction
	18.2. Data Warehousing and OLAP
	18.3. Conceptual Query Languages
	18.4. Schema Abstraction Mechanisms
	18.5. Further Design Aspects
	18.6. Ontologies and the Semantic Web
		RDF and RDFS
		OWL and Its Sublanguages
		Cardinality Restrictions in OWL 1
		OWL Syntaxes
		Some OWL 2 Taxonomy
		Comparing Individuals, Classes, Datatypes, and Predicates
		Functional, Inverse, Mandatory, and Key Relationships
		Union, Intersection, and Complement
		Reflexive, Irreflexive, Symmetric, Asymmetric, and Transitive Predicates
		Enumerated Types in OWL 2
		``Value´´ Restrictions on Predicates
		Property Chains in OWL 2
		Some Differences Between OWL Ontologies and Typical Databases
		Negated Facts and Unary Facts in OWL
		Join Semantics of External Uniqueness Constraints
		Mapping ORM to OWL
	18.7. Metamodeling
	Exercise 18.7
	18.8. Summary
		Chapter Notes
ORM Glossary
UML Glossary
ER Glossary
Useful websites
	Fact-oriented modeling (general)
	Fact-oriented modeling tools
	Business rules, data management, and data architecture frameworks
	IDEF1X, SQL, XML, RDF, JSON, and OWL
	UML, OCL, MDA, and SBVR
	Workflow modeling
Bibliography
Index
Back Cover