Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science, and Technology

1 Introduction, Methodology, Definitions, and Theoretical Overview......Page 26
1.1 Art and Science as Cultural Acts......Page 27
A Quiz......Page 29
The Urgency for Reexamination......Page 30
Organization of the Book......Page 32
How Does Research Function in Various Artists  Works?......Page 33
What Is Technology? What Is High-tech Art?......Page 34
De“nitions and Theoretical Re”ections......Page 36
What Is Science?......Page 37
What Is Technology?......Page 38
What Is Art?......Page 41
Similarities and Differences between Science and Art......Page 43
Critical Theory and Problematic Issues in the Integration of Art and Techno-Scienti“c Research......Page 45
Disjunctions between Scienti“c Worldviews and Critical Theory......Page 46
The Status of Substantive Things and Organisms in a World Dominated by Image and Media......Page 48
Artists  Stances in Integrating Research......Page 50
Continuing the Modernist Practice of Art with Modi“cations for the Contemporary Era......Page 51
Deconstruction as Art Practice......Page 52
Invention and Elaboration of New Technologies and Their Cultural Possibilities as Art Practice......Page 53
Summary: The End of Timelessness?......Page 55
1.2 Elaboration on the Approach of Art as Research......Page 59
Can the Arts Offer Alternatives in Setting Research Agendas, Interpreting Results, and Communicating Findings?......Page 60
Being Involved?......Page 61
The Representation of Potential User Perspectives......Page 62
Art Characteristics Useful for Research......Page 63
Preparing Artists for Research......Page 64
Historical Precedents......Page 65
PARC PAIR......Page 66
Interval Research......Page 67
F.A.B.R.I.CATORS......Page 68
Canon ArtLab......Page 69
STUDIO for Creative Inquiry„Carnegie Mellon University......Page 70
Cultural Institutes, European Cultural Backbone, I3......Page 71
Souillac Charter for Art and Industry......Page 72
Future Possibilities......Page 73
2 Biology: Microbiology, Animals and Plants, Ecology, and Medicine and the Body......Page 78
2.1 Biology: Research Agendas and Theoretical Overview......Page 79
Introduction......Page 80
Government and Research Center De“nitions......Page 81
Individual Research Projects......Page 83
Smell, Taste, and Touch......Page 84
Biosensors......Page 88
Bioidenti“cation and Biosurveillance......Page 90
Neuroscience, Brain Monitoring......Page 91
Bionics......Page 93
Parapsychology and Bioelectricity......Page 94
Biological Warfare......Page 96
Theoretical Perspectives on Biology and the Body......Page 97
The Objecti“cation of Nature......Page 98
Biological and Medical Research......Page 99
Rethinking the Body and Medicine......Page 102
Searching for Aesthetic Form in Art and Science......Page 109
How Are Biology-Based Theory and Research Important to the Arts?......Page 113
Impact on Cultural Frameworks......Page 114
The Examination of Particular Research Themes and Technologies......Page 115
2.2 Artists Working with Microbiology......Page 119
Introduction: Microbiology and Genetics as Artistic Interest......Page 120
Manipulations and Investigations of the Microworld George Gessert......Page 121
Joe Davis......Page 123
Eduardo Kac......Page 124
Other Artists and Projects......Page 125
Creating Forms and Visualizations Based on Its Structures, Including the New Iconography of Gene Mapping Suzanne Anker......Page 126
John Dunn and Mary Anne Clark......Page 127
Other Artists and Projects......Page 129
Sonya Rapoport......Page 130
Other Artists and Projects......Page 132
Summary: Micro Steps......Page 133
2.3 Plants and Animals......Page 135
Introduction......Page 136
Athena Tacha......Page 137
Ken Rinaldo......Page 138
Other Artists and Projects......Page 139
Arthropods: Insects and Spiders Hubert Duprat......Page 141
Mark Thompson......Page 142
Plants Tony Bellaver......Page 143
Vertebrates Eduardo Kac and Ikuo Nakamura......Page 145
Carsten Ho¨ ller......Page 146
Marc Bo¨ hlen......Page 147
Acoustic Ecology Leif Brush......Page 148
Summary......Page 151
2.4 Ecological Art......Page 153
Ecology: Organic Life as a System......Page 154
Questions Raised by Artistic Interest in Ecology......Page 155
Historical Examples of Artistic Work......Page 156
Contemporary Artistic Work with Ecological Concepts Newton and Helen Harrison......Page 158
Alan Son“st......Page 159
Mel Chin......Page 160
Tim Collins, Reiko Goto, and Bob Bingham......Page 162
Mierle Landerman Ukeles......Page 163
Mark Dion......Page 165
Alexis Rockman......Page 167
Other Artists and Projects......Page 169
Summary: Linking Science and Art in Action......Page 171
2.5 Body and Medicine......Page 173
Introduction: Bodies, Technology, and Theory......Page 174
Extropian and Post-Human Approaches......Page 179
Artists  Experiments with Technological Stimulation Stelarc......Page 182
Marcel.li Antunez Roca......Page 185
Arthur Elsenaar and Remko Scha......Page 187
Stahl Stenslie and Kirk Woolford......Page 189
Knut Mork, Kate Pendry, Stahl Stenslie, and Marius Watz......Page 192
Artists  Experiments with Smell......Page 194
Artists  Experiments with Surgery Orlan......Page 195
Susan Stryker......Page 196
Eduardo Kac......Page 197
Body Modi“cation......Page 199
Fakir Musafar M......Page 201
The Ethical Debate about Body Experimentation......Page 203
David Rosenboom......Page 205
Paras Kaul......Page 207
Bruce Gilchrist and Johnny Bradley......Page 208
Catherine Richards......Page 209
Other Artists and Projects......Page 211
Body Imaging Paul Vanouse......Page 214
Patrice Caire......Page 215
Other Artists and Projects......Page 216
Diana Domingues......Page 218
Franko B......Page 219
Richard Stanford......Page 220
Other Artists and Projects......Page 221
Summary: Dissecting the Body......Page 223
3 Physics, Nonlinear Systems, Nanotechnology, Materials Science, Geology, Astronomy, Space Science, Global Positioning Satellite......Page 226
3.1 Physical Science Research Agendas and Theoretical Reflections......Page 227
Introduction: Questions about the Biggest and Smallest of Things......Page 228
Survey of Research Fields and Agendas......Page 229
Nonlinear Systems, Chaos, and Complexity......Page 232
Astronomy, Cosmology, and Space Science......Page 234
Epistemology„How Do We Know What We Know?......Page 236
Potentially Important Emergent Technologies Nanotechnology......Page 238
Materials Science......Page 240
Rapid Prototyping......Page 243
Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 244
Summary: Artist Explorations of Physical Science Research and Concepts......Page 246
3.2 Atomic Physics, Nanotechnology, and Nuclear Science......Page 247
Atomic Physics Shawn Brixey......Page 248
Nanotechnology......Page 251
Ken Goldberg and Karl Bohringer......Page 252
Felice Frankel......Page 253
Nuclear Science......Page 255
James Acord......Page 256
Summary: Dif“culties of Working at the Atomic Level......Page 258
3.3 Materials and Natural Phenomena: Nonlinear Dynamic Systems, Water, Weather, Solar Energy, Geology, and Mechanical Motion......Page 259
 Turbulent LandscapesŽ at the Exploratorium and the InterCommunication Center......Page 260
Ned Kahn......Page 262
Other Artists and Projects......Page 264
Ken Goldberg, Randall Packer, Wojciech Matusik, and Gregory Kuhn......Page 266
Other Artists and Projects......Page 268
Project Taos......Page 269
Other Artists and Projects......Page 270
SolArt Global Network......Page 271
Robert Mulder and Kristi Allik......Page 273
Other Artists and Projects......Page 274
Other Artists and Projects......Page 276
Materials Science, Rapid Prototyping, and Chemistry Artists and Projects......Page 278
Pattern Finding......Page 281
Bits vs. Atoms„The Future of Phenomena-Based Art......Page 283
3.4 Space......Page 285
Artistic Interest in Space......Page 286
Views from Space......Page 288
Tom Van Sant„GeoSphere......Page 289
Pierre Comte......Page 290
Joe Davis, Arthur Woods, Jean-Marc Philippe, and Richard Clar......Page 291
Scienti“c and Public Objections to Space Art......Page 292
Art Executed in Space and Weightlessness......Page 293
Kitsou Dubois......Page 294
Conceptual and Electronic Works......Page 296
Other Artists and Projects......Page 297
Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)......Page 300
Arts Catalyst„Searching......Page 302
Steven Hartzog......Page 303
Summary: The Hopes......Page 304
3.5 Global Positioning System......Page 307
Artistic Experimentation with GPS Iain Mott......Page 308
Teri RuebTE A......Page 311
Projekt Atol Communications Technologie......Page 313
Andrea Di Castro......Page 314
Stephen Wilson......Page 315
Summary: Unexpected Implications......Page 317
4 Algorithms, Mathematics, Fractals, Genetic Art, and Artificial Life......Page 320
4.1......Page 321
Why Is Mathematics Part of a Book on Science, Technology, and Art?......Page 322
A Review of Research Agendas in Mathematics......Page 323
Arti“cial Life......Page 327
Theoretical Perspectives on A-Life......Page 330
Summary......Page 336
4.2 Algorithmic Art, Art and Mathematics, and Fractals......Page 337
Algorithmic Art......Page 338
Roman Verostko......Page 340
Ken Musgrave......Page 342
George Legrady......Page 343
John Maeda and the MIT Media Lab Aesthetics and Computation Group......Page 344
Art and Mathematics......Page 345
Mathematics and Sculpture......Page 347
Stewart Dickson......Page 348
Donna Cox......Page 350
Brian Evans......Page 352
Other Artists and Projects......Page 353
N-Dimensional Space„Linda Dayrymple Henderson and Leonard Schlain......Page 354
Fractals......Page 355
Clifford Pickover......Page 356
Promise and Problems in Art and Mathematics and Algorithmic Art......Page 358
Literacy„Audience Background......Page 359
Understanding Systems......Page 361
Abstraction and Cultural Theory......Page 362
4.3 Artificial Life and Genetic Art......Page 365
A-Life Sculpture and Autonomous Agents Ken Rinaldo......Page 366
Interactivity and Arti“cial Life......Page 368
Simon Penny......Page 370
Louis Bec L......Page 371
Yves Klein......Page 373
Other Artists and Projects......Page 375
Genetic, Evolutionary, and Organic Art......Page 376
Thomas Ray......Page 377
Biota.org......Page 379
Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau......Page 381
Karl Sims......Page 383
Life 2.0 and 3.0 Competitions and Other Shows......Page 385
Other Artists and Projects......Page 386
Genetic Art, Music, and Software......Page 388
Theoretical Perspectives on Genetic and A-Life Art......Page 389
5 Kinetics, Sound Installations, and Robots......Page 392
5.1 Robotics and Kinetics......Page 393
Brief History and De“nitions......Page 394
An Overview of Scienti“c and Technological Research Agendas......Page 396
Examples of Conceptual Challenges and Approaches Vision......Page 399
Sophisticated Motion......Page 400
Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Subsumption Architectures......Page 402
Social Communication between Robots......Page 404
Humanoid Robots......Page 405
Robots and Popular Culture......Page 407
Summary: Robot Hopes, Fears, and Realities......Page 408
5.2......Page 411
Artistic Research......Page 412
Kinetic Art Precursors......Page 413
Gregory Barsamian......Page 414
Other Artists and Projects......Page 416
Bryan Rogers......Page 417
Perry Hoberman......Page 418
Alan Rath......Page 419
Bruce Cannon......Page 422
Paul DeMarinis......Page 424
Other Artists and Projects......Page 428
Summary: More Than Robotics......Page 430
5.3......Page 431
A Brief Theoretical Overture......Page 432
Experiments in Sound Installation Barry Schwartz......Page 434
Gordon Monahan......Page 436
Ed Osborn......Page 437
Nigel Helyer......Page 439
Trimpin......Page 441
Bill Fontana......Page 443
Other Artists and Projects......Page 445
Experimental Instruments„Bart Hopkins......Page 446
Summary: Research as Art......Page 447
5.4 Robots......Page 449
Margo K. Apostolos......Page 450
Other Artists and Projects......Page 451
Simon Penny......Page 452
Nicolas Anatol Baginsky......Page 455
Survival Research Labs......Page 457
 Robot WarsŽ„Mark Thorpe FLY......Page 461
Seemen......Page 462
Other Artists and Projects......Page 464
Louis-Philippe Demers and Bill Vorn......Page 465
Kenji Yanobe......Page 467
Norman White......Page 468
Other Artists and Projects......Page 470
Chico MacMurtie......Page 471
Austin Robot Group......Page 472
Ulrike Gabriel......Page 473
Martin Spanjaard......Page 474
Stephen Wilson......Page 475
Robot Architecture......Page 476
Ted Krueger......Page 477
Summary: Kinetics and Robots„Hybrids of Art and Science......Page 479
6 Telecommunications......Page 482
6.1 Telecommunications Research Agendas and Theoretical Reflections......Page 483
Introduction: Overcoming Distance......Page 484
Bandwidth......Page 485
Wireless Communication, Mobile Computing, Location-Sensitive Communication, and Ubiquitous Computing......Page 486
Desktop Video, Video on Demand, Voice over Internet, and Convergence......Page 488
Computer Telephone Integration (CTI), Enhanced Telephone Services, Uni“ed Messaging, Call Centers, and Speech Recognition......Page 489
Computer-Supported Group Work, Virtual Communities, and Collaboration......Page 490
Telepresence and Enhanced Telesensing......Page 492
World Wide Web Experimentation......Page 493
Ubiquitous Telepresence......Page 494
Remote Museums and Observatories......Page 495
Remote Military Medicine......Page 496
3-D Model Building, Image Synthesis, and Overlay for Telepresence......Page 497
The Meaning of the Telecommunications  RevolutionŽ......Page 498
Critiques of Cyber Utopianism......Page 500
The Exploration of New Possibilities Freedom of the Digital Body......Page 506
Roy Ascott and New Consciousness......Page 507
Summary: Telecommunications„The Grand Cyber Debate......Page 509
6.2......Page 511
A Brief History of Telematic Art......Page 512
Historical Re”ections on the Cultural Meaning of the Telephone......Page 513
Artistic Lack of Interest in the Telephone......Page 514
Examples of Telephone-Based Art Disembodied Art Gallery......Page 515
Heath Bunting......Page 517
Ian Pollock and Janet Silk......Page 518
Stephen Wilson......Page 520
Other Artists and Projects......Page 521
Radio, Television, and Wireless......Page 522
A Brief History of Radio Art......Page 523
Free ( PirateŽ) Radio and TV......Page 525
Other Artists and Projects......Page 528
Kunstradio......Page 529
New American Radio......Page 530
The Future of Radio Art......Page 531
The Migration to Net.Radio......Page 532
Radio Lada, Aura Radio, Cellular Pirate Radio, TNC Network, Free Planet Radio, and E-lab......Page 533
Listening to the Mediterranean......Page 534
Analysis of Net.Radio......Page 535
Summary: Dangers and Opportunities in Convergence......Page 536
6.3 Teleconferencing, Videoconferencing, Satellites, the Internet, and Telepresence......Page 539
Teleconferencing, Videoconferencing, Satellites, and Internet Collaboration Sherrie Rabinowitz and Kit Galloway„Electronic Cafe......Page 540
Richard Kriesche......Page 542
Paul Sermon......Page 544
Keith Roberson......Page 546
Nell Tenhaaf......Page 547
Other Artists and Projects......Page 549
Telepresence De“nitionsT A......Page 551
Artists Exploring Telepresence Ken Goldberg......Page 553
Eduardo Kac......Page 557
Eric Paulos......Page 563
Rafael Lozano-Hemmer......Page 565
Nina Sobell and Emily Hartzell......Page 567
Lynn Hershman......Page 568
Ken Feingold......Page 569
Other Artists and Projects......Page 570
Devices Connected to the Web......Page 573
Stelarc......Page 574
Other Artists and Projects......Page 577
Kathleen Rogers......Page 579
ICC Show„ Portable Sacred Grounds: Telepresence WorldŽ......Page 580
Summary: Being There......Page 581
6.4 Web Art......Page 583
Critical Perspectives on Web Art......Page 586
Archive and Information Sites......Page 589
Antonio Muntadas„TheFileRoomand OnTranslation......Page 590
Pipsqueak Productions„TheCompany Therapist......Page 591
The  DisinformationŽ Web Site......Page 592
Karen O Rourke„ParisRe´seau......Page 594
Other Artists and Projects......Page 595
Projects to Accumulate Web-Viewer Opinions Vitaly Komar and Alex Melamid„TheMostWantedPaintingsontheWeb......Page 597
Genetic Art Using Web-Visitor Voting......Page 598
John Tonkin„Meniscus......Page 599
Paul Vanouse, Eric Nyberg, and Lisa Hutton„ Persistent Data Con“danteŽ......Page 600
Recomposing Web Resources Trevor Blackwell„SuperCollider......Page 601
Stephen Wilson„50PointsofLight......Page 602
Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Sco“dio„Refresh......Page 603
Collaborative Environments and Person-to-Person Communication Bonnie Mitchell„AsWorldsCollide......Page 604
Ed Stastny„ SITO,Ž HyGrid,and In“niteGrid......Page 605
Knowbotic Research„IO DENCIES......Page 606
Other Artists and Projects......Page 607
The Development of New Capabilities Kazuhiko Hachiya„Post Pet......Page 610
I/O/D„WebStalker......Page 611
GINGA......Page 612
Other Artists and Projects......Page 613
Re”ections about the Net Guillermo Go´ mez-Pen a, Roberto Sifuentes, and James Luna„CyberVato and  Temple of ConfessionsŽ......Page 614
Jodi.org......Page 616
Other Artists and Projects......Page 617
Shu Lea Cheang„Bowling Alley......Page 621
Konrad Becker„RemoteViewing......Page 622
Other Artists and Projects......Page 623
Cool Sites......Page 624
Summary: The Web as an Art Arena......Page 625
7 Digital Information Systems/Computers......Page 628
7.1 Research Agendas and Theoretical Overview......Page 629
The Diverse Histories of Technological Imagination......Page 630
Inputs„Systems Recognizing Speech, Gestures, Faces, Objects, Motion, Touch, Emotions, and Biological Signals......Page 632
Output Systems„Synthesized Speech, 3D Sound, Virtual Reality, and Motion Systems......Page 643
Interpreting and Manipulating Information......Page 645
Physical Information Systems......Page 650
What Is Reality and How Can We Come to Know It?......Page 653
Are Bodies and Physical Space Relevant?......Page 656
Digital Technology and Identity......Page 660
Cultural Narratives at the Heart of Techno-culture......Page 662
The Dominance of Vision......Page 664
The Relationship of Digital Technologies to Gender, Class, and Socioeconomic Forces......Page 666
Information Structures and the Fabric of Life......Page 670
The Role of the Arts in Digital Culture......Page 671
Interactivity and User-Interface Conventions......Page 676
Summary: Debate in the Art Community„Possibilities of an Enhanced Future......Page 680
7.2 Computer Media......Page 687
Introduction: Extensions of Photography, Cinema, Video, and Literature......Page 688
Deconstructive and Feminist Critiques of Cultural Trends Jill Scott......Page 689
George Legrady FLY......Page 691
Other Artists and Projects......Page 693
Extending Poetic and Expressive Capabilities Bill Seaman......Page 694
Tamas Waliczky......Page 696
Other Artists and Projects......Page 697
Art Games Stephan Eichhorn, Tjark Ihmels, KP Ludwig John, Michael Touma......Page 699
Webster Lewin, Bill Barminski, and Jerry Hesketh......Page 700
Other Artists and Projects......Page 701
Other Artists and Projects......Page 702
Video Installation......Page 703
Jim Campbell......Page 704
Ed Tannenbaum......Page 707
Interactive Documentary Graham Harwood......Page 708
Other Artists and Projects......Page 710
Mark Amerika MF......Page 711
Summary: Computer Media„The Next Stages of Cinema and Television?......Page 712
7.3 Virtual Reality......Page 715
Introduction: Artists as Architects of Virtual Reality......Page 716
Unorthodox Spaces and Characters Brenda Laurel and Rachel Strickland......Page 717
Michael Naimark F......Page 721
Char Davies......Page 723
Other Artists and Projects......Page 726
The Virtual Reality World as Metaphor Maurice Benayoun......Page 728
Sheldon Brown......Page 731
Alternative Objects and Creatures Jeffrey Shaw......Page 732
Relationships between the Physical and the Virtual Masaki Fujihata......Page 735
Agnes Hegedu¨ s......Page 738
Other Artists and Projects......Page 739
Information Visualization Art Com, Dirk Luesebrink, and Joachim Sauter......Page 740
Benjamin BrittonTE A......Page 741
Other Artists and Projects......Page 742
Distributed Virtual Reality Carl Loef”er......Page 744
Virtual Reality, Music, and Theater Jaron Lanier......Page 745
Mark Reaney......Page 746
Research and Commercial Virtual Reality Environments......Page 748
Summary......Page 749
7.4......Page 751
Introduction: Reworking the Interface......Page 752
Motion David Rokeby......Page 753
Paul Garrin......Page 755
Monika Fleischmann......Page 757
Myron Krueger......Page 758
Rafael Lozano-Hemmer......Page 760
Don Ritter......Page 762
Other Artists and Projects......Page 763
Gesture Pamela Z......Page 768
Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau......Page 770
Other Artists and Projects......Page 771
Touch and Tactility Monika Fleischmann......Page 772
Thecla Schiphorst......Page 774
Stahl Stenslie and Kirk Woolford......Page 775
Other Artists and Projects......Page 777
Seiko Mikami......Page 778
Other Artists and Projects......Page 779
Face Recognition Trevor Darrell, Harlyn Baker, Gaile Gordon, and John Wood“ll......Page 781
Rob Myers, Peter Broadwell, Rebecca Fuson, and Delle Maxwell......Page 782
Complex Actions„Balance, Walking, and Bicycling Jeffrey Shaw......Page 783
Monika Fleischmann......Page 784
Other Artists and Projects......Page 785
Activated Objects......Page 787
David Small and Tom White......Page 788
Toshio Iwai......Page 789
Perry Hoberman......Page 791
Other Artists and Projects......Page 793
Summary: Can a Computer Do More Than See and Hear?......Page 795
7.5 Speech Synthesis, Voice Recognition, and 3-D Sound......Page 797
Sound Research......Page 798
3-D Sound Iain Mott......Page 799
Christian Mo¨ ller......Page 800
Other Artists and Projects......Page 802
Speech Synthesis and Manipulation Arthur Elsenaar and Remko Scha......Page 803
Other Artists and Projects......Page 804
Speech Recognition Sharon Grace......Page 805
Stephen Wilson......Page 806
Summary: Something to Talk About......Page 807
7.6 Artificial Intelligence......Page 809
Arti“cial Intelligence Research......Page 810
Ray Lauzzanna and Languages of Design......Page 812
Institute of Arti“cial Art......Page 813
Harold Cohen......Page 814
Arti“cial-Intelligence-Based Musical Composition and Performance......Page 816
Naoko Tosa......Page 817
Other Artists and Projects......Page 819
Interactions with Arti“cial Characters......Page 820
Sara Roberts Msuch asLMicrosoft, Stan-......Page 821
Stephen Wilson......Page 822
Luc Courchesne......Page 824
Other Artists and Projects......Page 826
Affective Computing......Page 827
Agents......Page 829
Brenda Laurel and Abbe Don......Page 830
Contemporary Agent Research......Page 831
Summary: The Role of the Arts in Arti“cial Intelligence and Agent Research......Page 832
7.7 Information and Surveillance......Page 835
Information Management, Visualization, Commerce, and Surveillance......Page 836
Other Artists and Projects......Page 837
Surveillance Julia Scher......Page 838
Simon Penny......Page 839
Steve Mann......Page 840
Jordan Crandall......Page 842
Other Artists and Projects......Page 843
Databases and Research Processes Natalie Jeremijenko......Page 845
Stephen Wilson......Page 847
InfoWar......Page 849
Konrad Becker......Page 850
Other Artists and Projects......Page 851
Donna Cox......Page 852
Rachel Strickland......Page 853
Other Artists and Projects......Page 854
Eve Andre´e Larame´e......Page 856
Todd Siler......Page 858
Information Organizations and Structures Knowbotic Research......Page 859
Makrolab......Page 864
Joel Slayton and C5......Page 865
Etoy......Page 867
Other Artists and Projects......Page 868
Summary: Being Formed by Information......Page 869
8 Resources......Page 872
8.1 Exhibitions and Festivals; Educational Programs; Art and Research Collaborations; Organizational Resources, Think Tanks, and......Page 873
Permanent Spaces, Museums, and Comprehensive Institutions Ars Electronica......Page 874
InterCommunication Center (ICC)......Page 876
ZKM......Page 877
Exploratorium......Page 878
Critical Questions about the Nature of Museums......Page 879
Competitions and Festivals SIGGRAPH......Page 880
International Symposium of Electronics Arts (ISEA)......Page 881
Other Festivals, Competitions, and Shows......Page 882
Organizations and Information Publishers Leonardo and the International Society for the Arts, Sciences, and Technology (ISAST),......Page 883
Australian Network for Art and Technology (ANAT)......Page 884
V2......Page 885
Fine Arts Forum......Page 886
MediaMatic and Doors of Perception Conferences......Page 887
Examples of Art and Science-Technology Convergence Efforts......Page 888
Microsoft, IBM, Bell Labs, and Interval Research......Page 889
Other Research Laboratories and Initiatives......Page 890
MIT Media Lab F......Page 891
Conceptual Information Arts......Page 892
CADRE„San Jose State University Art Department......Page 893
Other Educational Programs......Page 894
Research Conferences, Science Magazines, Trade Magazines, and Science and Technology Studies......Page 895
Summary: Institutions as Art......Page 896
8.2 Summary: The Future......Page 897
Personal Experience vs. Documentation and Report......Page 904
Gaps and Omissions......Page 905
Research Questions and Overviews of Research Agendas......Page 906
Biases and Gaps......Page 907
Art and Science, Art and Mathematics......Page 910
Art and Technology, Art and Computers......Page 912
Philosophical and Sociological Critiques of Science......Page 914
Biology, Nature, Ecology, and the Body......Page 915
Technologists  and Scientists  Accounts of Emerging Research......Page 917
Critical Theory and Other Analyses of Culture and Technology......Page 919
Analysis of the Computer s Impact on Society and Speci“c Digital Technologies......Page 922
Hypermedia and Interactive Narrative......Page 925
Re”ections on Digital Aesthetics, Video, and Cinema......Page 926
Virtual Reality......Page 927