Informal Networks in International Business

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Informal Networks in International Business
Informal Networks inInternational Business
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Table of Contents
About the Contributors
Preface: Informal Networks WorldwideNetworking
1. Emerging Theories, Concepts, Observations
	1. Informal Networks: Concepts, Constructs, Emerging Theories
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Concepts
		Informal Network Constructs
		Emerging Theories and Future Research Directions
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	2. Transitioning From Strong Ties to Weak Ties in Emerging Economies
		Abstract
		Networks and Performance
		Toward a Contingency Perspective
		Strong Ties versus Weak Ties
		Bringing Weak Ties Back in
		Contingency Variables
		Discussion
			Research Contributions and Implications
			Practical Implications
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	3. A Liability or an Asset of Foreignness? Theorizing on Informal Networks in International Business
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Liability vs. Asset of Foreignness
		Formal and Informal Networks
		Informal Networks as Social Capital
		Lack of Informal Networks as a Liability of Foreignness
		Capitalizing on Foreignness When Building Informal Networks in the Host Country
		Conclusion
		Note
		References
	4. Diaspora Networks?
		Abstract
		Introduction
		The Identity: What Is Diaspora?
			The “Old” and the “New”
			Individual Versus Common Good in Development
		The Trust: Diaspora Networks in History and Now
			Chinese Diaspora
			Medieval Trade Networks and Trust
			The Armeniand Diaspora Online Survey
		Engagement Infrastructure: From Self-Organization to Formal Engagement
			India and Discovery of Diasporas
			A Comment on Brain-Drain
			Diaspora Network Engagement Infrastructure
			The Triangular Dimension View
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
		References
	5. Informal Transactional/Effectual Networks and Entrepreneurial Innovation in Response to Uncertainty: A View on the Globa ...
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Uncertainty Resolution Through Entrepreneurial Networks
			Asymmetric Responses
			Feelings Matter
			The Firm as Entrepreneur
		Transactional Networks in the Insurance Industry
			Insurance Industry Structure
			Insurance for Insurers
		Transactional/Effectual Networks in the Insurance Industry
			Transactional vs. Effectual Process
			Creation of Trust
			Engaged Shareholders
		Conclusion
		References
2. Informal Network Constructs
	6. The Persistent Power of Guanxi in Transitional China
		Abstract
		Theoretical Considerations
			Networks and Jobs
			Guanxi Favoritism Versus Market Rationality
			Guanxi Dynamism in Market Transition
			Propositions and Hypotheses
		The JSNET Project
			Measuring Information and Influence
			Measuring Labor Market Contexts
			Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) as a Supplement
		Summary Results
			Job Acquisition
			Job Quality
			Entry-Level Wage
			Current Wage
		Conclusions
		References
	7. Korea: Yongo 2.0, Global Inmaek, and Network Multiplexity
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Traditional Informal Ties and Networks in Korea
			Yongo
			Inmaek
			Yonjul
		Yongo Today: Restraining and Driving Forces
			Spoon-Class Theory and N-po Generation
			Hakyon-Hyulyon Multiplexity and Inheritance
		Yongo 2.0 and Global Inmaek
			Workplace-Based Ties: Jikyon and Eobyon
			From Inmaek to Global Inmaek
		Implications for Research and Management Practice
			The Inaccessibility of Yongo Circles for Business Expatriates
			Yongo-Loyalty and Information Transfer
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	8. Conceptual Complexity and Cultural Embeddedness of Wasta in the Middle East
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Definition of Wasta
		Features of Wasta
		Dimensions of Wasta
		Wasta From Social Networks and Social Capital Perspectives
			Social Capital Theory
		Wasta From an Institutional Perspective
		Conclusion
		References
	9. Informal Networks in the Russian Business Context: The Case of Russian Multinationals’ Political Networks
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Governmental Influence on Russian Firms' Internationalization Process
			Governmental Influence on Internationalization of State-Owned and Privatized Companies
			Role of Politics in Russian MNEs' Internationalization
			Mechanisms of Governmental Influence on MNEs
			Role of State Ownership and Governmental Affiliation Level
		Political Connectedness as an Example of Informal Networks
			Role of Political Connectedness
			Political Connections and Internationalization
		Conclusion and Implications for Future Research
		References
	10. Informal Practices in Brazil: Insights Form the Brazilian Jeitinhoa
		Abstract
		Introduction
		What Is Jeitinho?
		Historical Background
		Definition
		Jeitinho in Business Organizations
		“Brazil Is Not for Beginners”: Practical Recommendations
		References
	11. Expatriate Social Network Formation in Denmark: Challenges of Developing Informal Ties Locally
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Breaking Out of the Expatriate Bubble
		Building a Social Network Abroad
			Individual Level
			Dyadic Level
			Situational Level
		Connecting With Danes
			Homogeneity
			The Value of Equality
			Public-Private Divide
			Recommendations for Connecting With Danes
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
	12. Old Boy Networks at Work in the United States
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Theoretical Framework
		Old Boy Networks as Social Closure
		Old Boy Networks in Organizations
			Hiring
			Socialization
			Performance Evaluation and Promotion
		Old Boy Networks and International Business
		Conclusion
		Notes
		References
3. Perspectives and Implications
	13. Networking in a Global Context: Ethical Dilemmas
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Differences in Global Networking and the Role of Favors
		Ethical Dilemmas and Network Access
		Examples of Ethical Dilemmas in Global Networking
		Outlook
		Note
		References
	14. Wasta as an Example of Informal Social Networks in Emerging Markets: Research Status and Suggestions for Future Directions
		Abstract
		Introduction
		Informal Social Networks: Observations on Past Approaches to Research
		Wasta Research: Where Are We Now?
		From Structure to Process: “How” Before “Why”?
		Borrowing From Other Disciplines
		Conclusion
		References