Industrially Important Fungi for Sustainable Development: Volume 2: Bioprospecting for Biomolecules (Fungal Biology)

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Bioprospecting for Biomolecules from Different Fungal Communities: An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Different Ecological Groups of Fungi
		1.2.1 Thermotolerant and Thermophilic
		1.2.2 Psychrotolerant and Psychrophilic
		1.2.3 Halotolerant and Halophilic
		1.2.4 Osmotolerant and Osmophilic
		1.2.5 Xerotolerant and Xerophilic
		1.2.6 Acidophilic and Alkalophilic
		1.2.7 Rock Inhabiting
		1.2.8 Heavy Metal Tolerant
		1.2.9 Phoenicoid
		1.2.10 Oligotrophic
	1.3 Biomolecules from Endophytic Fungi
		1.3.1 Anticancer Agents from Fungal Endophytes
		1.3.2 Antimicrobial Compounds from Fungal Endophytes
		1.3.3 Antioxidants from Fungal Endophytes
		1.3.4 Insecticidal Activities from Fungal Endophytes
	1.4 Biomolecules from Mangrove Fungi
		1.4.1 Bioactive Compounds from Mangrove Fungi
			1.4.1.1 Cytotoxic Compounds
			1.4.1.2 Antimicrobial Compounds
			1.4.1.3 Other Bioactive Compounds
			1.4.1.4 Enzymes from Mangrove Fungi
	1.5 Biomolecules from Aquatic Habitat Fungi
		1.5.1 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Aquatic Fungi in Pharmaceutical Applications
			1.5.1.1 Bioactive Compounds as Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Activities
			1.5.1.2 Bioactive Compounds as Nematicidal
		1.5.2 Aquatic Fungi: An Effective Tool in Bioremediation
	1.6 Biomolecules from Soil Fungi (Desert–Agricultural–Salt Marshes)
		1.6.1 Biomolecules from Soil of Desert Fungi
		1.6.2 Biomolecules from Soil of Agricultural Fungi
		1.6.3 Biomolecules from Soil of Salt Marshes Fungi
	1.7 Biomolecules from Coprophilous Fungi
		1.7.1 Classification of Coprophilous Fungi
		1.7.2 Biomolecules from Coprophilous Fungi
			1.7.2.1 Biomolecules from Coprophilous Fungi in the Pharmaceutical Industry
			1.7.2.2 Other Biomolecules of Coprophilous Fungi of Industrial Importance
	1.8 Biomolecules from Marine Fungi
		1.8.1 Diversity of Marine Fungi
		1.8.2 Biomolecules of Marine Fungi in the Pharmaceutical Industry
		1.8.3 Other Biomolecules of Marine Fungi of Industrial Importance
	1.9 Biomolecules from Yeast and Yeast-Like Fungi
		1.9.1 Secondary Metabolite Production in Yeast
			1.9.1.1 Alkaloids
			1.9.1.2 Polyketides
			1.9.1.3 Non-ribosomal Peptides
			1.9.1.4 Phenolics
			1.9.1.5 Flavonoids
			1.9.1.6 Terpenoids
	1.10 Biomolecules from Wood Degrading Fungi
		1.10.1 White-Rot Fungi
		1.10.2 Brown-Rot Fungi
		1.10.3 Soft-Rot Fungi
		1.10.4 Enzymes Involved in Lignocellulose Degradation
			1.10.4.1 Cellulases
			1.10.4.2 Hemicellulases
			1.10.4.3 Laccase
			1.10.4.4 Lignin Peroxidase
			1.10.4.5 Manganese Peroxidase
	References
Chapter 2: Fungi as a Gold Mine of Antioxidants
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Oxidative Stress: Basic Overview
		2.2.1 Oxidative Stress as “Mother” of Many Human Diseases at Strong Clinical Impact
	2.3 Meet Your Free Radical Surveyors: Antioxidants
	2.4 Antioxidant Classification
		2.4.1 Natural Antioxidants
		2.4.2 Enzymatic Antioxidants
			2.4.2.1 Primary Antioxidants
			2.4.2.2 Secondary Antioxidant
		2.4.3 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants
			2.4.3.1 Minerals
			2.4.3.2 Vitamins
			2.4.3.3 Carotenoid
			2.4.3.4 Polyphenols
			2.4.3.5 Other Antioxidants
		2.4.4 Synthetic Antioxidants
			2.4.4.1 BHA
			2.4.4.2 BHT
			2.4.4.3 EDTA
			2.4.4.4 Ethoxyquin
			2.4.4.5 PG
			2.4.4.6 TBHQ
		2.4.5 Natural Antioxidant versus Synthetic Antioxidant
	2.5 Fungal Jewels
		2.5.1 Fungal Communication as an Inducer of Silent Secondary Metabolite
		2.5.2 Wild Mushroom as Treasure of Natural Antioxidant
		2.5.3 Ganoderma lucidum A Treasure Trove of Antioxidant
		2.5.4 Glutathione, Altruistic Metabolite in Filamentous Fungi and Yeast
		2.5.5 Micro Fungi as Source of Antioxidants
			2.5.5.1 Sanghuangporus sanghuang
			2.5.5.2 Cerrena unicolor
			2.5.5.3 Mucor circinelloides
	2.6 Why Do Plants Synthesize Antioxidants?
		2.6.1 Endophytic Fungi as a Natural Source of Antioxidants
			2.6.1.1 Flavipin
			2.6.1.2 Chaetopyranin
			2.6.1.3 Azaphilone
			2.6.1.4 Hypericin and Emodin
			2.6.1.5 Mollicellins
	2.7 Fungal Antioxidants: Extraction, Estimation, and Biological Assay
	References
Chapter 3: Endophytic Fungi as a Source of New Pharmaceutical Biomolecules
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biology, Ecology, and Distribution
	3.3 Material and Methods of Preparation and Isolation
	3.4 Chemistry of Endophytes
	3.5 Endophytes Applications
		3.5.1 Antimicrobial Compounds
		3.5.2 Antiviral Compounds
		3.5.3 Antiparasitic Compounds
		3.5.4 Antitubercular Compounds
		3.5.5 Anticancer
		3.5.6 Antioxidant
			3.5.6.1 Flavipin
			3.5.6.2 Chaetopyranin
			3.5.6.3 Azaphilone
			3.5.6.4 Hypericin and Emodin
			3.5.6.5 Mollicellins
		3.5.7 Immunomodulatory Agents
		3.5.8 Insecticidal Agents
		3.5.9 Antidiabetic Agents
		3.5.10 Other Applications
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Fungal Communities from Different Habitats for Tannins in Industry
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Tannins: Natural Substrate
	4.3 Different Source of Tannase
		4.3.1 Plant Source
		4.3.2 Animal Source
		4.3.3 Bacterial and Fungal Sources
			4.3.3.1 Yeast Tannase
			4.3.3.2 Bacteria Tannase
			4.3.3.3 Fungal Tannase
		4.3.4 Rich Tannin Plants
		4.3.5 Soil
		4.3.6 Mangroves and Caves
		4.3.7 Marine Habitat
		4.3.8 Tannery or Industrial Effluents
	4.4 Production of Tannase by Fermentation
	4.5 Tannase Applications
		4.5.1 Food Industries
			4.5.1.1 Instantaneous Tea Elaboration
			4.5.1.2 Beverage Clarification
			4.5.1.3 Nutritional Improvement of Legume Flours
		4.5.2 Animal Feeds Industries
		4.5.3 Gallic Acid Production
		4.5.4 Bioremediation of Tannin-Contaminated Wastewaters
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Recent Advances in Fungal Antimicrobial Molecules
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fungi Producing Bioactive Metabolites
		5.2.1 Alkaloids
		5.2.2 Coumarins
		5.2.3 Glycosides
		5.2.4 Flavonoids
		5.2.5 Quinones
		5.2.6 Peptides
		5.2.7 Phenols
		5.2.8 Steroids
		5.2.9 Terpenoids
		5.2.10 Volatile Organic
	5.3 Discovering Plants with Microbial Bioactive Metabolites
	5.4 Fungal Metabolites as Antimicrobial
		5.4.1 Fungal Metabolites as Antibacterial
		5.4.2 Fungal Metabolites as Antifungal
		5.4.3 Fungal Metabolites as Antimycobacterial
		5.4.4 Fungal Metabolites as Antiviral
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Fungal Laccases to Where and Where?
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Laccases: A Never-Ending Story
	6.3 Biodiversity of Laccase-Producing Fungi
	6.4 Laccases: A Structural–Chemical Clarification of Fungal Activity
	6.5 Bioinformatic Analysis Revealed High Structural Diversity of Fungal Laccases
	6.6 Electron Transfer and Reaction Mechanism of Laccases
		6.6.1 Mononuclear Copper Center Reduction
		6.6.2 Internal Electron Transfer from the Mononuclear Copper to the Trinuclear Copper Center
		6.6.3 Reduction of Molecular Oxygen at the Trinuclear Copper Center
	6.7 Laccase Cultivation
		6.7.1 Qualitative Assays and Quantitative Determinations of Laccases
		6.7.2 Qualitative Assays of WRF for Laccase Production Potential
			6.7.2.1 Quantitative Estimation of Fungal Laccases
				6.7.2.1.1 Inoculum Preparation
				6.7.2.1.2 Submerged Fermentation
				6.7.2.1.3 Solid-State Fermentation
		6.7.3 Optimization of Fungal Laccases Production
			6.7.3.1 Influence of Carbon on Laccase Production
			6.7.3.2 Influence of Nitrogen Sources on Laccase Production
			6.7.3.3 Influence of pH on Laccase Production
			6.7.3.4 Influence of Temperature on Laccase Production
			6.7.3.5 Influence of Metal Ions on Laccase Production
			6.7.3.6 Influence of Biological Interaction on Laccase Production
			6.7.3.7 Influence of Aromatic Compounds on Laccase Production
	6.8 Purification and Biochemical Properties of Laccases
	6.9 Lacasse and Chemical Mediators: Mimicking Nature
	6.10 Laccases-Producing Fungi from Extreme Habitats
		6.10.1 Alkaline-Tolerant Laccases from Alkaliphilic Fungi
		6.10.2 Laccase from Marine Fungi
		6.10.3 Laccase from Thermophilic and Psychrophilic Fungi
	6.11 Bioinformatics Approaches Applied on Fungal Laccases
		6.11.1 Laccase Potential Exploitation and Biotechnology Application
		6.11.2 Fungal Laccases and Its Implication in Bioremediation
		6.11.3 Fungal Laccases in the Pharmaceutical Industry
		6.11.4 Fungal Laccases in the Food Industry
		6.11.5 Fungal Laccases in the Paper Industry
		6.11.6 Laccases and Biosensor Development
		6.11.7 Laccases in Organic Synthesis
	References
Chapter 7: Fungal Cellulases: Current Research and Future Challenges
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Lignocelluloses
	7.3 Microbial Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
		7.3.1 Classification of Microbial Lignocellulolytic Enzymes
			7.3.1.1 Hemicellulases
			7.3.1.2 Ligninases
			7.3.1.3 Cellulases and Classification
				7.3.1.3.1 Endoglucanases (EG)
				7.3.1.3.2 Exoglucanases or Cellobiohydrolases (CBH)
				7.3.1.3.3 β-Glucosidase
	7.4 Microbial Cellulases
	7.5 Fungal Cellulases Structure and Production
	7.6 Industrial Applications
		7.6.1 Wine and Brewery Industry
		7.6.2 Bioethanol Industry
		7.6.3 Food Processing Industry
		7.6.4 Pulp and Paper Industry
		7.6.5 Textile and Laundry Industry
		7.6.6 Detergent Industry
		7.6.7 Animal Feed Industry
		7.6.8 Agricultural Crop Industry
		7.6.9 Carotenoid Extraction
		7.6.10 Wastewater and Waste Fill Management
	7.7 Bioprospecting of Cellulases: An Essence of the Modern Time
	7.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Current Research, Commercial Aspects, and Applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Industrial Applications
		8.2.1 Pigment Production
			8.2.1.1 Applications and Biological Activities of Fungal Pigments
				8.2.1.1.1 Food Colorants
				8.2.1.1.2 Cosmetic Industry
				8.2.1.1.3 Textile Industry
				8.2.1.1.4 Dyeing Woods or as Color Modifiers
				8.2.1.1.5 Optoelectronics
				8.2.1.1.6 Antimicrobial Pigments
				8.2.1.1.7 Antioxidant Pigments
				8.2.1.1.8 Cytotoxic Pigments
				8.2.1.1.9 Anticancer Pigments
		8.2.2 Organic Acids Production
			8.2.2.1 Citric Acid
			8.2.2.2 Succinic Acid
			8.2.2.3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
		8.2.3 Other Useful Metabolites and Bioactive Molecules
			8.2.3.1 Carotenoids
			8.2.3.2 Terpenoids
			8.2.3.3 Riboflavin
		8.2.4 Biosurfactants
			8.2.4.1 Applications of Biosurfactants
				8.2.4.1.1 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Cleaning of Oil Tanks
				8.2.4.1.2 Food and Oil Industry
				8.2.4.1.3 Biomedical Field
				8.2.4.1.4 Cosmetic Industry
	8.3 Pharmaceutical Applications
		8.3.1 Antimicrobial Agents
			8.3.1.1 From Endophytes
			8.3.1.2 From Entomopathogenic Fungi
			8.3.1.3 From Invertebrate-Associated Fungi
			8.3.1.4 Fungi from Other Miscellaneous Sources
		8.3.2 Cytotoxic Agents
		8.3.3 Other Pharmaceutically Promising Agents
	8.4 Applications in Biological Control Strategies
		8.4.1 Molluscicidal Activity
		8.4.2 Anti-phytopathogenic Activity
		8.4.3 Insecticidal Activity
		8.4.4 Nematicidal Activity
	8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 9: Bioprospecting of Thermophilic Fungal Enzymes and Potential Applications
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Biodiversity of Thermophilic Fungi
	9.3 Fungal Adaptations to Thermophily
	9.4 Thermophilic Enzymes
		9.4.1 Cellulases
		9.4.2 Xylanases
		9.4.3 Laccases
		9.4.4 Amylase
		9.4.5 Lipase
		9.4.6 Pectinase
		9.4.7 Phytase
		9.4.8 Protease
	9.5 Potential Application
	9.6 Applications in Food, Bread and Drinks Production
	9.7 Significant Role in Improving the Animal Feed
	9.8 Textile Industry
	9.9 Biofuel/Bioethanol
	9.10 Pharmaceutical and Chemical Applications
	References
Chapter 10: Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Psychrophilic Fungi and Their Industrial Importance
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Biodiversity and Distribution of Psychrophilic Fungi
	10.3 Associations and Cold Adaptation Mechanisms of Psychrophilic Fungi
		10.3.1 Trehalose Accumulation
		10.3.2 Polyol Production
		10.3.3 Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs)
		10.3.4 Membrane Fluidity
	10.4 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Psychrophilic Fungi
		10.4.1 Antibiotics
		10.4.2 Cytotoxic Metabolites
		10.4.3 Diterpenes
		10.4.4 Cyclic Peptides
		10.4.5 Polyketides
		10.4.6 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
		10.4.7 Pigment/Lipid Production
		10.4.8 Anti-allergic Compounds
	10.5 Applications of Secondary Metabolites
		10.5.1 Agriculture
		10.5.2 Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications
	10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 11: Fungal Amylases and Their Industrial Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Classification of Amylase
		11.2.1 α-Amylase
		11.2.2 β-Amylase
		11.2.3 γ-Amylase
			11.2.3.1 Endo-amylases
			11.2.3.2 Exo-Amylases
			11.2.3.3 The De-branching Enzymes
			11.2.3.4 Transferases
	11.3 Sources of Amylases
		11.3.1 Archaeal Amylases
		11.3.2 Bacterial Amylases
		11.3.3 Fungal Amylases
			11.3.3.1 Amylases-Producing Fungal Communities
			11.3.3.2 Physio-Chemical Attributes of Fungal Amylases
				11.3.3.2.1 Temperature, pH, and Ions
				11.3.3.2.2 Molecular Mass, Isoelectric Point, and Glycosylation
			11.3.3.3 Advantages of Fungal Amylases
	11.4 Production of Fungal Amylases
		11.4.1 Submerged Fermentation (SmF)
		11.4.2 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF)
		11.4.3 Purification and Characterization of α-Amylases
		11.4.4 Characterization of α-Amylase
	11.5 Thermostable Fungal Amylases
	11.6 Industrial Applications
		11.6.1 Food Industry
		11.6.2 Detergent and Soap Industry
		11.6.3 Fuel Bio-Ethanol
		11.6.4 Textile Industry
		11.6.5 Paper Industry
	11.7 Challenges and Future Prospects
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Fungal Phytases: Current Research and Applications in Food Industry
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Phytases of Fungal Origin
	12.3 Phytase Adverse Effects
	12.4 Enzymatic Phytate Dephosphorylation to Increase Mineral Bioavailability During Food Processing
		12.4.1 Soaking
		12.4.2 Cooking
		12.4.3 Germination
		12.4.4 Fermentation
	12.5 Isolated Phytases and Food Processing in Recent Times
	12.6 Isolated Phytase Applications in Food Production
		12.6.1 Bread Making
		12.6.2 Generation of Isolated Plant Proteins
		12.6.3 Wet Corn Milling
		12.6.4 Cereal Branch Split
	12.7 Phytase Degradation in Human Body
	12.8 Production of Metabolically Active Phytate Breakdown Products
	12.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Fungal Lipases: Insights into Molecular Structures and Biotechnological Applications in Medicine and Dairy Industry
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Historical Background of Fungal and Bacterial Lipase
	13.3 Sources of Lipase
	13.4 Classification of Lipases
		13.4.1 Biocatalytic Reactions of Lipases
			13.4.1.1 Hydrolysis
			13.4.1.2 Reaction Synthesis
		13.4.2 Lipase Engineering Database (LED)
			13.4.2.1 GX Class
			13.4.2.2 GGGX Class
			13.4.2.3 Y Class
		13.4.3 pH Stability
			13.4.3.1 Alkaline Lipase
			13.4.3.2 Acid Lipase
		13.4.4 Temperature Stability
			13.4.4.1 Thermophilic Lipases
			13.4.4.2 Psychrophilic Lipases
	13.5 Lipase Catalytic Mechanism
	13.6 Optimization of Fermentation Condition for Production of Fungal and Bacterial Lipases
	13.7 Purification Strategies
	13.8 Molecular Structure and Functional Determinant of Fungal Lipases
	13.9 Medicinal Applications of Lipases
		13.9.1 Lipase in Fat Control (Obesity and Cholesterol)
		13.9.2 Lipases as Diagnostic Tool
		13.9.3 Lipases in Cosmetics
		13.9.4 Lipase CalB
			13.9.4.1 Lipase CalB as Biocatalyst for Vitamin C Esters
			13.9.4.2 Lipase CalB as a Biocatalyst for Omega-3 Esters
			13.9.4.3 Lipase CalB in Sofosbuvir Synthesis
		13.9.5 Endophytic Fungi Pharmaceutical Lipases
		13.9.6 Leishmanicidal and Fungicidal Lipases
	13.10 Lipases in Food Industry
	13.11 Applications of Fungal Lipases in Dairy Industry
		13.11.1 Degree of Lipolysis in Cheese
		13.11.2 Properties and Effect of Mold Lipases
	13.12 Sustainable Applications of Fungal and Bacterial Lipases for Green Economy Bioremediation of Oil and Grease (O&G) Containing Wastewater
		13.12.1 The Biodiesel Production
		13.12.2 Textile Industry
		13.12.3 Detergent Industries
		13.12.4 Pulp and Paper Industry
		13.12.5 Leather Industry
	13.13 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 14: Fungal Xylanases for Different Industrial Applications
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Occurrence of Xylan
	14.3 Xylanolytic Complex
		14.3.1 Xylanolytic Enzymes
		14.3.2 Endo-1-4-β-Xylanases
		14.3.3 β-Xylosidases
		14.3.4 α-Glucuronidases
		14.3.5 α-Arabinofuranosidases
		14.3.6 Acetylxylan Esterase
		14.3.7 Ferulic Acid Esterase (EC 3.1.1.-) and p-Coumaric Acid Esterase
		14.3.8 Collaborative Effects of Enzymes in the Xylanolytic Complex
	14.4 Xylanase Production: Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation
	14.5 Strategies Employed for the Selection of the Method of Xylanase Production and Its Optimization
	14.6 Xylanases Applications
		14.6.1 Bakery
		14.6.2 Fruit and Vegetable Juices
		14.6.3 Animal Feed
		14.6.4 Paper and Pulp Industries
		14.6.5 Bio-Pulp and Bleaching
		14.6.6 Biorefinery
		14.6.7 Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries
		14.6.8 Textile Industries
		14.6.9 Solid Waste Treatment
	14.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Fungal Pigments for Food Industry
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Challenges in Fungal Dyes Produces
	15.3 Benefits of Fungal Pigments
		15.3.1 Antimicrobial Activities of Fungal Pigments
		15.3.2 Anticancer and Antitumor Activities of Fungal Pigments
		15.3.3 Antioxidant Activities of Fungal Pigments
	15.4 The Extraction of Fungal Dyes
	15.5 Fastness of the Colorant Sourced from Fungi
	15.6 Food Applications of Fungal Pigments
		15.6.1 Azaphilone Pigments
		15.6.2 Carotenoids
		15.6.3 Anthraquinones
		15.6.4 Riboflavin
		15.6.5 Melanin
	15.7 Encapsulation
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Fungal Production of Vitamins and Their Food Industrial Applications
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Classification of Vitamins
		16.2.1 Water-Soluble Vitamins and Their Fungal Sources
			16.2.1.1 B-Vitamins
				16.2.1.1.1 B1 (Thiamin)
				16.2.1.1.2 B2 (Riboflavin)
				16.2.1.1.3 B3 (Niacin)
				16.2.1.1.4 B5(Pantothenic Acid)
				16.2.1.1.5 B6(Pyridoxine)
				16.2.1.1.6 B7(Biotin)
				16.2.1.1.7 B9 (Folic Acid)
				16.2.1.1.8 B12(Cyanocobalamin)
			16.2.1.2 Vitamin C
		16.2.2 Fat-soluble Vitamins and Their Fungal Sources
			16.2.2.1 Vitamin A
			16.2.2.2 Vitamin D
			16.2.2.3 Vitamin E
			16.2.2.4 Vitamin K
	16.3 Factors Affecting Fungal Production of Vitamins
		16.3.1 Environmental Factors
			16.3.1.1 Light and Temperature
			16.3.1.2 Chemical Compounds (Metal Ions, Salts, Solvents)
		16.3.2 Regulatory Issues
		16.3.3 Technical Factors
	16.4 Industrial Food Applications of Fungal Vitamins
	16.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects
	References
Chapter 17: Nutraceutical Potential of Wild Edible Mushroom Hygrocybe alwisii
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Mushroom and Processing
	17.3 Qualitative Assessment
		17.3.1 Phenols
		17.3.2 Tannins
		17.3.3 Saponins
		17.3.4 Flavonoids
		17.3.5 Alkaloids
		17.3.6 Terpenoids
		17.3.7 Cardiac Glycosides
		17.3.8 Coumarins
		17.3.9 Phlobatannins
	17.4 Quantitative Assessment
		17.4.1 Total Phenolics
		17.4.2 Vitamin C
		17.4.3 Functional Groups
		17.4.4 Minerals
	17.5 Antioxidant Assay
		17.5.1 Total Antioxidant Activity
		17.5.2 Ferrous Ion Chelation Capacity
		17.5.3 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
	17.6 Data Analysis
	17.7 Qualitative Components
	17.8 Quantitative Components
	17.9 Antioxidant Potential
	17.10 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Chapter 18: Fungal Biopharmaceuticals: Current Research, Production, and Potential Applications
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Antimicrobials from Fungi
		18.2.1 Cephalexin
		18.2.2 Cefazolin
		18.2.3 Cephalothin
		18.2.4 Cefaclor
		18.2.5 Cefuroxime axetil
		18.2.6 Cefotaxime
		18.2.7 Ceftriaxone
		18.2.8 Cefepime
		18.2.9 Ceftaroline
		18.2.10 Dicloxacillin and a Flashback to Penicillin History
		18.2.11 Ampicillin
		18.2.12 Amoxicillin
		18.2.13 Ticarcillin
	18.3 Anticancer Compounds by Fungi
		18.3.1 Doxorubicin
		18.3.2 Daunorubicin
		18.3.3 Mitomycin
		18.3.4 Bleomycin
		18.3.5 Vincristine
		18.3.6 Paclitaxel
		18.3.7 Polyketides
		18.3.8 Peptides
		18.3.9 Lactones
	18.4 Lipid-Lowering Agents
		18.4.1 Lovastatin
	18.5 Immunosuppressant Agents
		18.5.1 Cyclosporin
		18.5.2 Tacrolimus
		18.5.3 Fingolimod
		18.5.4 Mycophenolic Acid (MPA)
		18.5.5 Mycousnine Enamine
		18.5.6 Curtachalasins 1 & 10
		18.5.7 Fusaperazin F
	18.6 Antiviral Agents
		18.6.1 Stachybogrisephenone B (C16H15ClO6), Grisephenone A, and 3, 6, 8-Trihydroxy-1-Methylxanthone
		18.6.2 Alternariol (C14H10O5) and Alternariol-(9)-Methyl Ether
		18.6.3 Oxoglyantrypine, Norquinadoline A (C26H25N5O4), Deoxynortryptoquivaline (C28H28N4O6), Deoxytryptoquivaline (C29H30N4O6), Tryptoquivaline (C29H30N4O7), and Quinadoline B (C25H21N5O3)
		18.6.4 Cladosin C (C13H18N2O3)
		18.6.5 Isoaspulvinone E (C17H12O5), Aspulvinone E (C17H12O5), and Pulvic Acid
		18.6.6 Brefeldin A
	18.7 Antifungal Agents
		18.7.1 Griseofulvin (C17H17ClO6)
		18.7.2 5-(Undeca-3′, 5′, 7′-Trien-1′-yl) Furan-2-ol (A) and 5-(Undeca-3′, 5′, 7′-Trien-1′-yl)Furan-2-Carbonate (B)
		18.7.3 Koninginins R and S
		18.7.4 5-Hydroxy-8-Methoxy-4-Phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-One (A), 3-O-Methylviridicatin (B) and Viridicatol (C)
		18.7.5 Fusaripeptide A
	18.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Natural Pigments from Filamentous Fungi: Production and Applications
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Biodiversity and Molecular Identification of Fungus
	19.3 Phylogenetic Analysis of 18S rRNA ITS Gene Sequence
	19.4 Primers, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing
	19.5 Genetic Fingerprinting of Fungi
	19.6 Production and Purification of Fungal Pigments
	19.7 Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Pigments
		19.7.1 Edible Filamentous Fungi Monascus and its Applications
		19.7.2 Carotenoids from Filamentous Fungi
		19.7.3 Melanin from Filamentous Fungi
		19.7.4 Fungal Pigments as Ecofriendly Textile Dyes
	19.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 20: Bioprospecting of Industrially Important Mushrooms
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Nutritional Composition of Mushrooms
	20.3 Bioactive Compounds from Mushrooms
		20.3.1 Immunomodulating Compounds
		20.3.2 Proteins and Peptides
	20.4 Industrially Important Mushrooms and their Nutraceutical Potential
		20.4.1 Agaricus
		20.4.2 Lentinus
		20.4.3 Pleurotus
		20.4.4 Auricularia
		20.4.5 Flammulina
		20.4.6 Huitlacoche
		20.4.7 Ganoderma
		20.4.8 Cordyceps
		20.4.9 Poria Cocos
		20.4.10 Grifola Frondosa
		20.4.11 Trametes Versicolor
	20.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 21: Bioactive Attributes of Xylaria Species from the Scrub Jungles of Southwest India
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Sporocarps of Xylaria and Processing
	21.3 FTIR and EDS Analysis
	21.4 Antioxidant Assays
		21.4.1 Total Antioxidant Activity
		21.4.2 Ferrous Ion-Chelation Capacity
		21.4.3 DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity
		21.4.4 Data Analysis
	21.5 FTIR Spectra
	21.6 EDS Spectra
	21.7 Antioxidant Potential
		21.7.1 Total Antioxidant Activity
		21.7.2 Ferrous Ion-Chelation Capacity
		21.7.3 DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity
		21.7.4 One-Way ANOVA
	21.8 Outlook and Prospects
	References
Chapter 22: Fungicide as Potential Vaccine: Current Research and Future Challenges
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 History of Vaccines
	22.3 Evolution of Vaccines
	22.4 Microbiome Impact on the Fungal Infection Pathophysiology
	22.5 Need of Fungal Vaccines
	22.6 Challenging Vaccine Targets
	22.7 Immunological Basis of Fungal Vaccine
		22.7.1 Immunological (Antigen–Antibody) Interaction in Fungal Infection
		22.7.2 Acquired Immunological Response against Fungal Antigen
	22.8 Fungal Vaccines
	22.9 Development of Vaccines against Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens
	22.10 Candida Species
		22.10.1 Most Common Types of Infections Caused by C. albicans
			22.10.1.1 Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
			22.10.1.2 Vaginal Candidiasis
			22.10.1.3 Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
		22.10.2 Secondary Infections
	22.11 Aspergillus Species
		22.11.1 Pan Fungal Vaccines
		22.11.2 Crude Vaccines
		22.11.3 Sub-Unit Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies
		22.11.4 Therapeutic Vaccines
		22.11.5 Systems Used for Delivery of Vaccine and Adjuvants
	22.12 Cryptococcus Species
		22.12.1 Coccidioides
	22.13 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 23: Bioprospecting for Biomolecules from Industrially Important Fungi: Current Research and Future Prospects
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Types of Fungal Biomolecules
		23.2.1 Secondary Metabolites
		23.2.2 Enzymes
			23.2.2.1 Xylanases
			23.2.2.2 Cellulases
			23.2.2.3 Laccases
			23.2.2.4 Proteases
			23.2.2.5 Amylases
			23.2.2.6 Pectinases
			23.2.2.7 Chitinases
		23.2.3 Pigments
		23.2.4 Organic Acids
			23.2.4.1 Citric Acid
			23.2.4.2 Gluconic Acid
			23.2.4.3 Fumaric Acid
			23.2.4.4 Itaconic Acid
			23.2.4.5 Lactic Acid
			23.2.4.6 Succinic Acid
		23.2.5 Fatty Acids
	23.3 Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Biomolecules
		23.3.1 Agriculture Sector
		23.3.2 Industrial Sector
	23.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Correction to: Industrially Important Fungi for Sustainable Development
Index