Industrial Separation Processes : Fundamentals

Content: 1 Characteristics of separation processes
 1.1 Significance of separations
 1.2 Characteristics of separation processes
 1.2.1 Categorization
 1.2.2 Separating agents
 1.2.3 Separation factors
 1.3 Industrial separation methods
 1.3.1 Exploitable properties
 1.3.2 Important molecular separations
 1.4 Inherent selectivities
 1.4.1 Equilibrium based processes
 1.4.2 Rate controlled processes
 2 Evaporation and distillation
 2.1 Separation by evaporation
 2.1.1 Introduction
 2.1.2 Vapor-liquid equilibria
 2.2 Separation by single-stage partial evaporation
 2.2.1 Differential distillation. 2.2.2 Flash distillation2.2.2.1 Specifying T and L/V
 2.2.2.2 Specifying T and Ptot
 2.3 Multistage distillation
 2.3.1 Distillation cascades
 2.3.2 Column distillation
 2.3.3 Feasible distillation conditions
 2.3.4 External column balances
 2.4 McCabe-Thiele analysis
 2.4.1 Internal balances
 2.4.1.1 Rectifying section
 2.4.1.2 Stripping section
 2.4.1.3 Feed stage considerations
 2.4.1.4 Feed line
 2.4.2 Required number of equilibrium stages
 2.4.2.1 Graphical determination of stages and location of feed stage
 2.4.2.2 Limiting conditions
 2.4.2.3 Fenske and underwood equations. 2.4.2.4 Use of murphree efficiency2.4.3 Energy requirements
 2.5 Advanced distillation techniques
 2.5.1 Batch distillation
 2.5.2 Continuous separation of multiple product mixtures
 2.5.3 Separation of azeotropes
 3 Absorption and stripping
 3.1 Introduction
 3.2 The aim of absorption
 3.3 General design approach
 3.4 Absorption and stripping equilibria
 3.4.1 Gaseous solute solubilities
 3.4.2 Minimum absorbent flow
 3.5 Absorber and stripper design
 3.5.1 Operating lines for absorption
 3.5.2 Stripping analysis
 3.5.3 Analytical kremser solution
 3.6 Industrial absorbers. 3.6.1 Packed columns3.6.2 Plate columns
 3.6.3 Spray and bubble columns
 3.6.4 Comparison of absorption columns
 4 General design of gas/liquid contactors
 4.1 Introduction
 4.2 Modeling mass-transfer
 4.3 Plate columns
 4.3.1 Dimensioning a tray column
 4.3.2 Height of a tray column
 4.3.3 Diameter of a tray column
 4.4 Packed columns
 4.4.1 Random packing
 4.4.2 Structured packing
 4.4.3 Dimensioning a packed column
 4.4.4 Height of a packed column
 4.4.5 Minimum column diameter
 4.4.6 Pressure drop
 4.5 Criteria for column selection
 5 Liquid-liquid extraction
 5.1 Liquid-liquid extraction. 5.1.1 Introduction5.1.2 Liquid-liquid equilibria
 5.1.3 Solvent selection
 5.2 Extraction schemes
 5.2.1 Single equilibrium stage
 5.2.2 Cocurrent cascade
 5.2.3 Crosscurrent
 5.2.4 Countercurrent
 5.3 Design of countercurrent extractions
 5.3.1 Graphical McCabe-Thiele method for immiscible systems
 5.3.2 Analytical kremser method
 5.3.3 Graphical method for partial miscible systems
 5.3.4 Efficiency of an ideal non-equilibrium mixer
 5.4 Industrial liquid-liquid extractors
 5.4.1 Mixer-settlers
 5.4.2 Mechanically agitated columns
 5.4.3 Unagitated and pulsed columns.