Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation

Cover
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction, review of electric circuits
	Objectives and abstract
	1.1 Introduction, power system structure, brief history of power system
	1.2 Electric circuit review
		1.2.1 Linearity and superposition
		1.2.2 DC vs AC power systems
		1.2.3 Resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuit elements
		1.2.4 Effective or RMS value
	1.3 Phasor representation
	1.4 Power in single-phase AC circuits
	1.5 Power factor correction—brief introduction
	1.6 Electrical energy
	1.7 Measurement units used in energy systems
	1.8 Chapter summary
	Further readings
	Questions and problems
2 Power system basics
	Objectives and abstract
	2.1 Introduction, power system basics
	2.2 Sources of energy
	2.3 Power system structure and components
	2.4 Three-phase systems
		2.4.1 Balanced loads
		2.4.2 Mixed connection circuits, wye–delta connection
	2.5 Power relationships in three-phase circuits
	2.6 Per-unit system
	2.7 Voltage and frequency characteristics
	2.8 Chapter summary
	Further readings
	Questions and problems
3 Transformers and electrical motors
	Objectives and abstract
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Transformers in electrical systems
		3.1.2 Electromechanical energy conversion systems
	3.2 Transformer theory, construction, and design
		3.2.1 Polarity of transformer windings
		3.2.2 Practical (non-ideal) transformers
		3.2.3 Voltage regulation
		3.2.4 Multi-winding transformer
		3.2.5 Transformer ratings, categories, types, and tap changers
		3.2.6 Transformer connections
		3.2.7 Transformer efficiency
	3.3 AC electrical motors
		3.3.1 Electric motor fundamentals
		3.3.2 Synchronous motors
		3.3.3 Induction motors
	3.4 DC machines
	3.5 Chapter summary
	Further readings
	Questions and problems
4 Load characteristics, wiring, and power cables
	Objectives and abstract
	4.1 Introduction, building energy analysis, and electrical design procedure
		4.1.1 Electrical design procedure and building energy analysis
		4.1.2 Branch circuits and feeders
	4.2 Load estimate and calculations
		4.2.1 Convenience power, connected and demand loads
		4.2.2 Lighting load estimate methods
		4.2.3 Dedicated and general-purpose receptacle load estimates
		4.2.4 Equipment, auxiliary, industrial, and motor load calculations
		4.2.5 Heating, cooling, electric cooking, and laundry equipment
		4.2.6 Load and correction factors estimate applications
	4.3 Conductors and cables
		4.3.1 Conductor types and sizes
		4.3.2 Cable impedance calculations
		4.3.3 Conductor ampacity
		4.3.4 Cable corrections factors
		4.3.5 Voltage drop calculation
		4.3.6 Cable construction
	4.4 Wiring devices
		4.4.1 Switches
		4.4.2 Receptacles
		4.4.3 Disconnect switches
	4.5 Summary of the load computation procedure and cable sizing
	4.6 Chapter summary
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
5 Power distribution, load, and motor centers
	Outline and abstract
	5.1 Introduction, power distribution, and electrical services
		5.1.1 Electrical services and industrial power distribution
	5.2 Power distribution networks
		5.2.1 Power distribution configurations
		5.2.2 Feeder voltage drops, electric distribution losses, and power factor control
	5.3 Power distribution system characteristics and components
		5.3.1 Power distribution equipment and components
		5.3.2 Three-phase power distribution, grounded, and ungrounded systems
		5.3.3 Power distribution transformers and devices
	5.4 Industrial power distribution and building power supply systems
		5.4.1 Switchgears, load, and motor centers
		5.4.2 Switchgear and motor control center ratings
	5.5 Chapter summary
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
6 Building electrical systems and industrial power distribution
	Outline and abstract
	6.1 Introduction, facility power supply calculations, and design
	6.2 Building electrical system characteristics
	6.3 Branch circuits and feeders
	6.4 Cable installations, raceways, and conduits
	6.5 Panel-boards and industrial power distribution
		6.5.1 Panel-board and switchboards calculations and ratings
		6.5.2 Load and motor centers
		6.5.3 Load center, switchgear and motor control center ratings
	6.6 Chapter summary
	Further readings
	Questions and problems
7 Lighting systems
	Objectives and abstract
	7.1 Introduction, lighting basics
	7.2 Lighting in engineering, architecture, industrial process, and building operation
	7.3 Lighting theory and illumination calculation methods
		7.3.1 Basic parameters used in lighting physics
		7.3.2 The visible spectrum and color
		7.3.3 Color specifications and characteristics
		7.3.4 Light control and basic concepts in optics
	7.4 Lighting equipment and systems
		7.4.1 Light sources and systems
		7.4.2 Lamp efficiencies, control, and electrical requirements
		7.4.3 Common lamp luminances and luminaires
	7.5 Indoor and outdoor lighting design
		7.5.1 Factors affecting the selection of the light sources and equipment
		7.5.2 Lighting design project structure and criteria
		7.5.3 Indoor lighting design methods
		7.5.4 Outdoor lighting design
	7.6 Chapter summary
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
8 Motor control and protection, drives, and applications
	Objectives and abstract
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Poly-phase induction motor control schemes and methods
		8.2.1 Induction motor starting methods
		8.2.2 Voltage drop during the start-up of induction motors
		8.2.3 Induction motor speed control
	8.3 Starting and speed control of synchronous motors
	8.4 AC motor protection methods
		8.4.1 Unbalanced phase motor protection
		8.4.2 Low voltage, undervoltage, voltage drop, and break motor protection
	8.5 Single-phase motor control
	8.6 DC motor protection and control methods
	8.7 Electric drives
	8.8 Summary
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
9 Wind and solar energy
	Objectives and abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Wind energy
		9.2.1 Wind energy resources
		9.2.2 Air density, temperature, turbulence, and atmospheric stability effects
		9.2.3 Wind shear, wind profile, wind gust, and other meteorological effects
		9.2.4 Wind velocity statistics
		9.2.5 Wind statistical models
			9.2.5.1 Methods for Weibull model fits
		9.2.6 Rayleigh probability distribution
	9.3 Wind direction
	9.4 Wind energy estimation
	9.5 Wind energy conversion systems
		9.5.1 Wind energy conversion system components
	9.6 Solar energy
		9.6.1 Solar resources
	9.7 Photovoltaics
		9.7.1 PV cell manufacturing technologies
		9.7.2 PV modules and arrays
		9.7.3 PV system configuration and sizing
	9.8 Chapter summary
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
10 Geothermal energy, small hydropower, and bioenergy
	Objectives and abstract
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Geothermal energy
		10.2.1 Geothermal energy origins and resources
		10.2.2 Surface geothermal technology and reservoir characteristics
		10.2.3 Direct use of geothermal energy
			10.2.3.1 Assessing feasibility of direct use applications
			10.2.3.2 District heating
		10.2.4 Geothermal heat pumps
		10.2.5 Electricity from geothermal energy sources
	10.3 Small hydropower
		10.3.1 Small and mini hydropower
		10.3.2 Small hydroelectric power technology
			10.3.2.1 Impulse turbines
			10.3.2.2 Reaction turbines
			10.3.2.3 Pump as hydroelectric turbine
		10.3.3 Generators and control
	10.4 Bioenergy, biofuel, biomass, and waste energy
	10.5 Chapter summary
	Further readings
	Questions and problems
11 Energy storage systems
	Objectives and abstract
	11.1 Introduction and energy storage importance
	11.2 Energy storage functions and applications
		11.2.1 Summary of benefits from energy storage
	11.3 Energy storage system types
		11.3.1 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES)
		11.3.2 Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
		11.3.3 Electrochemical energy storage
		11.3.4 Battery operation principles and battery types
		11.3.5 Battery fundamentals, parameters, and electric circuit models
			11.3.5.1 Summary of battery parameters
		11.3.6 Flow batteries and special battery types
		11.3.7 Fuel cells and hydrogen energy
			11.3.7.1 Hydrogen storage and economy
			11.3.7.2 Fuel cell principles and operation
			11.3.7.3 Fuel cell types and applications
		11.3.8 Flywheel energy storage (FES)
		11.3.9 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
		11.3.10 Supercapacitors
	11.4 Chapter summary
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
12 Distributed generation, microgrids, thermal energy storage, and micro-combine heat and power generation
	Objectives and abstract
	12.1 Introduction, distributed, and dispersed generation
		12.1.1 Thermal engineering basics
	12.2 Energy conservation and efficiency in building and industrial energy systems
	12.3 Thermal energy storage systems
	12.4 Microgrids and building integrated renewable energy systems
		12.4.1 Microgrid concepts and architecture
		12.4.2 Building thermal energy storage applications
	12.5 Micro-combined heat and power generation
		12.5.1 Micro-combined heat and power system structure and configurations
		12.5.2 Micro-CHP economics
	12.6 Chapter summary and discussions
	References and further readings
	Questions and problems
13 Energy management, RES, and distributed generation economics
	Objectives and abstract
	13.1 Introduction, DG, and RES economical aspects
	13.2 EMS in manufacturing, industrial, and commercial sectors
		13.2.1 Identification of energy usage factors and parameters
	13.3 Energy management principles and methods
	13.4 Energy audit and energy conservation
		13.4.1 Types and structure of energy audits
		13.4.2 Energy audit structure and phases
	13.5 Renewable energy economics
	13.6 Chapter summary
	References
	Questions and problems
14 Post-face and pedagogical suggestions
	14.1 Book overview
	14.2 Pedagogical approaches and suggestions for instructors
Appendix A Common parameters, units, and conversion factors
Appendix B Design parameters, values, and data
Appendix C Design parameters, conversion factors, and data for renewable energy conversion systems
Index
Back Cover