Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology: Emerging concepts in Microbial Technology

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Editor and Contributors
1: Basic of Omics and Its Applications
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 What Is Genome?
	1.2 Genome to Genomics
		1.2.1 DNA Sequencing
			1.2.1.1 Sanger Sequencing
			1.2.1.2 Next-Generation Sequencing
				Pyrosequencing
				Sequence by Synthesis
				Sequence by Ligation
				Ion Semiconductor Sequencing
	1.3 Coverage
	1.4 Genome Mapping
	1.5 Proteomics
		1.5.1 Amino Acids
		1.5.2 Proteins
		1.5.3 Why Proteomics?
		1.5.4 How Do We Start Studying Proteomics?
			1.5.4.1 Spot Detection
			1.5.4.2 Fluorescence-Based Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE)
			1.5.4.3 Identification
			1.5.4.4 Mass Spectrometry
			1.5.4.5 Separation
			1.5.4.6 Activation
			1.5.4.7 Mass Determination and Characterization
	1.6 Transcriptomics
		1.6.1 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
			1.6.1.1 Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE)
			1.6.1.2 Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE)
		1.6.2 Microarray
		1.6.3 RNA-Seq
	1.7 Metabolomics
		1.7.1 But What Are Metabolites?
		1.7.2 Metabolome and Metabolic Reactions
		1.7.3 But What Are the Analytical Techniques That We Need to Study Metabolomics?
		1.7.4 Detection Methods
	1.8 Lipidomics
		1.8.1 Experimental Techniques
		1.8.2 Lipid Extraction
		1.8.3 Lipid Separation
		1.8.4 Lipid Detection
		1.8.5 Lipid Profiling
	Reference
2: An Introduction to Omics in Relevance to Industrial Microbiology
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Different Omics Techniques
		2.2.1 Metagenomics
		2.2.2 Cytomics
		2.2.3 Metatranscriptomics
		2.2.4 Metaproteomics
		2.2.5 Metabolomics
		2.2.6 Fluxomics
	2.3 Advancement in Omics in Profiling and Characterization of Industrially Relevant Microbial Consortia
	2.4 Sequential Workflow of Omics
	2.5 Integrative Analysis of Omics Data
	2.6 Omics Data Analysis Using Programming Language
	2.7 Applications of Omics in Industrial Microbiology
		2.7.1 Application in Food Processing
		2.7.2 Application in Dairy Industry
		2.7.3 Application in Beverage Industry
		2.7.4 Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
		2.7.5 Application in Agricultural Biotechnology
	2.8 Future Prospects and Limitations
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3: Databases and Tools for Microbial Genome and Human Microbiome Studies
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Prokaryotic Microbe
		3.1.2 Eukaryotic Microbe
		3.1.3 Acellular Microbe
	3.2 Microbial Genome
	3.3 History of Microbial Genome Sequencing
	3.4 Introduction to Databases
	3.5 Microbial Genome and Human Microbiome Databases
		3.5.1 Global Genome Databases
		3.5.2 Microbial Genome Database
		3.5.3 Bacterial, Archaeal, and Viral Genomic Database
		3.5.4 Species-Specific Genomic Database
		3.5.5 Human Microbiome Databases
	3.6 Bioinformatic Tools for Genomic Analysis
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4: CRISPR/Cas9 System: An Advanced Approach for the Improvement of Industrially Important Microorganisms
	4.1 An Introduction to Industrial Microbiology
	4.2 CRISPR/Cas System: An Introductory Overview
	4.3 Classification of the CRISPR/Cas Systems
	4.4 CRISPR/Cas9 System
	4.5 Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in Improvement of Industrially Important Microorganisms
	4.6 CRISPR/Cas9 Applications in Bacteria
	4.7 CRISPR/Cas9 Applications in Yeasts
	4.8 CRISPR/Cas9 Applications in Fungi
	4.9 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in Microbes
	4.10 Genome Editing
	4.11 Transcriptional Control
	4.12 CRISPR/Cas9 Optimization: Improvement of Editing Efficiency
		4.12.1 Reduction of Off-Target Effects
			4.12.1.1 Reduction of Off-Target Effects: sgRNA Design Approach
			4.12.1.2 Reduction of Off-Target Effects: Modification in the Cas9 Protein
		4.12.2 Reduction of Cas9 Toxicity Effects
			4.12.2.1 Reduction of Cas9 Toxicity: Regulation of the Cas9 Protein Expression
			4.12.2.2 Reduction of Cas9 Toxicity: Exploitation of Endogenous CRCa System
		4.12.3 Optimization of crRNA
			4.12.3.1 SOMACA
			4.12.3.2 Optimization of crRNA Length
		4.12.4 Optimization of sgRNA
			4.12.4.1 Optimization of the sgRNA Promoter
			4.12.4.2 Optimization of the sgRNA Structure
		4.12.5 Increase in Recombination Rates
	4.13 Applications of CRISPR/Cas Systems in Gene Therapy
	4.14 Delivery Methods
	4.15 Conclusion
	References
5: Biomedical Application of Industrial Microbiology
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Basic Microbiology
		5.1.2 Applied Microbiology
	5.2 Products and Processes for Industrial Microbiology
	5.3 Microbiology in Antibiotic Production
		5.3.1 Fleming and the Discovery of the Antibiotic Penicillin
		5.3.2 Commercial Production of Antibiotics
	5.4 Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT)
	5.5 Biopharmaceuticals
		5.5.1 Enzymes
		5.5.2 Vitamins and Amino Acids
		5.5.3 Organic Acids
		5.5.4 Biopolymers
	5.6 Prebiotics and Probiotics
	5.7 Vaccines and Immunizations
		5.7.1 Types of Vaccines
			5.7.1.1 Whole-Organism Vaccines
			5.7.1.2 Subunit Macromolecules as Vaccines
			5.7.1.3 DNA Vaccines
			5.7.1.4 Recombinant Vector Vaccines
	5.8 Clinical Use of Microbiology in the Detection and Therapy of Disease
		5.8.1 Carcinogenicity Testing
		5.8.2 Phage Therapy
		5.8.3 Medical Devices
			5.8.3.1 Biosensors
		5.8.4 Yeast Two-Hybrid System (Y2H System)
	5.9 Summary
	References
6: The Role of Whole-Genome Methods in the Industrial Production of Value-Added Compounds
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Rise of Omics: Its Role in Industrial Biotechnology
	6.3 Genomics
		6.3.1 Genomics for Industrial Application and Production
		6.3.2 Development of Microbial Strains
		6.3.3 Fermentation and Post-fermentation Handling
		6.3.4 Viability of Strains and Their Compliance with Regulations
		6.3.5 Safeguarding Inventions and Analyzing Products
	6.4 Transcriptomics
		6.4.1 Role of Transcriptomics in Industrial Microbiology
		6.4.2 Studying Ethanol Tolerance in Microorganisms
		6.4.3 To Assess Toxicity Sensitivity and Osmotic Stress Tolerance
		6.4.4 Food Fermentation
	6.5 Proteomics
		6.5.1 Role of Proteomics in Industrial Microbiology
		6.5.2 Lipid Biosynthesis in Microbes
		6.5.3 Antifungal Production
		6.5.4 Synthesis of Amino Acids
		6.5.5 Production of Recombinant Proteins
		6.5.6 Bio-mining
		6.5.7 Studying Immobilized Cells in Biofilms
	6.6 Metabolomics
		6.6.1 Metabolomics and Its Role in Industrial Microbiology
		6.6.2 Organic Acids
		6.6.3 Enzyme Products
		6.6.4 Biofuels
		6.6.5 Antibiotics
	6.7 Metagenomics
		6.7.1 Industrial Importance
		6.7.2 Industrial Enzymes
		6.7.3 Antibiotics and Bioactive Compounds Obtained
		6.7.4 Bioremediation Facilitated by Biosurfactant
		6.7.5 Other Enzymes from Metagenome Source
	6.8 Challenges in Omics for Industry
	6.9 Sequencing Methods
		6.9.1 First-Generation Sequencing
		6.9.2 Chemical Degradation
		6.9.3 Chain-Termination Method
		6.9.4 Second-Generation Sequencing Methods
			6.9.4.1 Roche 454
			6.9.4.2 Illumina
	6.10 Third Generation of Sequencing Methods
		6.10.1 True Single-Molecule Sequencing (tSMS)
		6.10.2 Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing (SMRT)
		6.10.3 Nanopore Sequencing
	6.11 Annotation
	6.12 Summary and Future Outlook
	References
7: New Developments in the Production and Recovery of Amino Acids, Vitamins, and Metabolites from Microbial Sources
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 l-Methionine
			7.1.1.1 Biosynthetic Pathway for Methionine Production
			7.1.1.2 Methionine-Producing Microorganisms
			7.1.1.3 Substrates for Methionine Production
			7.1.1.4 Methionine Production Strategies
				Enzymatic Conversion and Chemical Synthesis
				Fermentation
				Screening for Strains and Enhancement
		7.1.2 l-Glutamate
			7.1.2.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of l-Glutamate
			7.1.2.2 Glutamate-Producing Microorganisms
			7.1.2.3 Substrate for Glutamate Production
			7.1.2.4 Glutamate Production Strategies
				Fermentation
				Gene Modifications
				Metabolic Flux Perusal of Glutamate Overproduction
		7.1.3 l-Lysine
			7.1.3.1 Biosynthetic Pathways of l-Lysine
			7.1.3.2 l-Lysine-Producing Microorganism
			7.1.3.3 Substrate for Lysine Production
			7.1.3.4 Lysine Production Strategies
				Fermentation
				Genetic Engineering
		7.1.4 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
			7.1.4.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of RF
			7.1.4.2 RF-Producing Microorganism
			7.1.4.3 Substrate for RF Production
			7.1.4.4 Production Strategies for RF
				Chemical Synthesis
				Biotechnological Production
				Genetic Modifications
		7.1.5 Vitamin B12
			7.1.5.1 Biosynthetic Pathway for Vitamin B12 Production
			7.1.5.2 Microorganisms Producing Vitamin B12
			7.1.5.3 Substrate for Producing Vitamin B12
			7.1.5.4 Production Strategies for Vitamin B12
				Microbial Production of Vitamin B12
				E. coli Cell Enzyme Transformation
		7.1.6 Coenzyme Q10
			7.1.6.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of Coenzyme Q10
			7.1.6.2 Coenzyme Q10-Producing Microorganisms
			7.1.6.3 Substrates for Coenzyme Q10 Production
			7.1.6.4 Production Strategies for Coenzyme Q10
				Chemical Synthesis Methods
				Biotechnological Production Methods for Coenzyme Q10
				Genetic Modification
		7.1.7 HA
			7.1.7.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of HA
			7.1.7.2 Microorganisms Producing HA
			7.1.7.3 Substrates for Production of HA
			7.1.7.4 Production Strategies for HA
				Extraction
				Fermentation
				Genetic Modification
		7.1.8 Lactic Acid
			7.1.8.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of LA
			7.1.8.2 Microorganisms for the Production of LA
			7.1.8.3 Substrates for Production of LA
			7.1.8.4 Production Strategies for LA
				Co-culture Techniques
				Genetic Engineering
				Design of an Immobilized Bioreactor for LA Production
		7.1.9 IA
			7.1.9.1 Biosynthetic Pathway of IA
			7.1.9.2 Microorganisms for IA Production
			7.1.9.3 Substrates for IA Production
			7.1.9.4 Production Strategies for IA
				Fermentation Techniques
				Immobilization Technique
				Genetic Engineering
		7.1.10 Conclusions
	References
8: Exploring Plant-Microbe Interaction Through the Lens of Genome Editing
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Plant-Microbe Interactions: A Glimpse into Evolution and Survival
	8.3 Nature´s Grace: The Beneficial Aspects of PM Interactions
	8.4 Pathogenic Interactions and the Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Surviving the Apocalypse
	8.5 The Advent of Omics: A Defining Point in PM Studies
	8.6 Genome Editing: Hi-Tech Scalpels
		8.6.1 Adaptation or Spacer Acquisition
		8.6.2 crRNA Processing
		8.6.3 Interference
	8.7 Future Perspective: A Vast Expanse of Uncharted Science with Limitless Possibilities
	References
Untitled
9: Biomedical Application of Advanced Microbial Approaches: Nutraceuticals, Biomedicine, and Vaccine Development
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Commercially Available Nutraceuticals, Biomedicines, and Vaccines
		9.2.1 Nutraceuticals
			9.2.1.1 Inulin
			9.2.1.2 Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS)
			9.2.1.3 2-Fucosyllactose (2-FL)
			9.2.1.4 Brewer´s Yeast Glucan (BYG)
			9.2.1.5 Xanthan
		9.2.2 Biomedicine
			9.2.2.1 Anticancer
			9.2.2.2 Infectious Diarrhoea
			9.2.2.3 Allergy
			9.2.2.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
			9.2.2.5 Urinary Tract Infections
		9.2.3 Vaccine Development
			9.2.3.1 Tuberculosis
			9.2.3.2 Diphtheria Vaccine
			9.2.3.3 Tetanus
			9.2.3.4 Pertussis
			9.2.3.5 Haemophilus influenzae Type b
			9.2.3.6 Meningococcal Disease
	9.3 Microbial Diversity: Nutraceuticals
	9.4 Therapeutic Applications of Nutraceuticals
		9.4.1 Role of Nutraceuticals Against Myocarditis and Lung Diseases
		9.4.2 Benefits of Nutraceuticals for Health
		9.4.3 Algal Polysaccharides in Nutraceutical Applications
		9.4.4 Use of Nutraceuticals in Dairy Products
	9.5 Biomedicine: Approaches
		9.5.1 Applications of Biomedicine
		9.5.2 Environmental Medicine on a Cosmic Scale in Space Biomedicine
	9.6 Vaccine Development: Approaches and Applications
	9.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
10: Microbial Technology for Neurological Disorders
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Healthy Human Gut Microbiome
		10.2.1 Enterotypes of Gut Microbial Community
		10.2.2 Gut Microbiota-Host Interaction
		10.2.3 Gut Microbiota Interactions with Central Nervous System: Role in Cognition
		10.2.4 Gut Dysbiosis: Inflammation and Stress Modulation
	10.3 Gut Microbiota in Immunity, Disease, and Therapy
		10.3.1 Gut Microbiota, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Neurological Disorders
		10.3.2 Autism Spectrum Disorders
		10.3.3 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		10.3.4 Alzheimer´s Disease
		10.3.5 Multiple Sclerosis
		10.3.6 Cerebrovascular Diseases
		10.3.7 Chronic Stress and Depression
	10.4 Microbial Technology in Neurological Disorders
		10.4.1 Antibiotics, Gut Microbiota, and Neuroinflammation
		10.4.2 Probiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
		10.4.3 Prebiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
		10.4.4 Synbiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
		10.4.5 Postbiotics in Therapy of Neurological Disorders
	10.5 Precision Microbiome Engineering and Challenges for Microbial Technology
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11: Frontiers in Fungal Endophytes Associated with Medicinal Orchids
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Classification of Fungal Endophytes
	11.3 Relationship of Fungal Endophytes and Orchids
	11.4 Factors Influencing Diversity and Dynamics of Fungal Endophytes
	11.5 Fungal Endophytes and Their Role in Medicinal Orchids
		11.5.1 Promoting Growth and Fitness of Host Plant
		11.5.2 Stress Tolerance of Host Plant
		11.5.3 Production of Bioactive Metabolites
		11.5.4 Host Protection and Biocontrol of Disease
	11.6 Molecular Interaction Between Endophytic Fungi with the Host Orchid
	11.7 Omic Approaches to Understand Orchid-Endophyte Interactions
	11.8 Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of Secondary Metabolites
	11.9 Bioactive Compounds from Orchid-Associated Fungal Endophytes
	11.10 Fermentation Methods for Secondary Metabolite Production
	11.11 Strategies for Improved Production of Secondary Metabolites
		11.11.1 Strain Improvement
		11.11.2 Bioprocess Optimization
		11.11.3 Improvement of Strains with Axenic Instability
	11.12 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
12: Nutraceuticals: Advancement in Microbial Production and Biomedical Prospects
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Nutraceuticals
		12.2.1 Classification
			12.2.1.1 Traditional or Natural Nutraceutical
				Chemical Ingredients
					Nutrients
					Herbals
					Phytochemicals
				Nutraceutical Enzymes
				Probiotic Microorganisms
			12.2.1.2 Nonnatural or Nontraditional Nutraceuticals
				Enriched/Fortified Nutraceuticals
				Recombinant Nutraceuticals
		12.2.2 Biomedical Application
			12.2.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)
			12.2.2.2 Cancer
			12.2.2.3 Diabetes
			12.2.2.4 Obesity
	12.3 Microbes in Nutraceutical Production
		12.3.1 Sources of Nutraceuticals
			12.3.1.1 Microalgae as a Source of Nutraceuticals
			12.3.1.2 Bacteria as a Source of Nutraceuticals
			12.3.1.3 Fungi as a Source of Nutraceuticals
		12.3.2 Advanced Approaches for Nutraceutical Production (Fig. 12.1)
	12.4 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	References
13: Hyaluronic Acid Microbial Synthesis and Its Explicit Uses in the Development of Nutraceuticals, Biomedicine, and Vaccine D...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Microbial Production
	13.3 Vaccine Development
	13.4 Biomedicine
	13.5 Nutraceuticals
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14: Molecular Docking in Drug Designing and Metabolism
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD)
		14.2.1 Structure-Based Drug Designing (SBDD)
		14.2.2 Ligand-Based Drug Designing (LBDD)
	14.3 Identification of Drug Targets
		14.3.1 Macromolecular Databases
		14.3.2 Metabolic Pathway Databases
		14.3.3 Computational Interaction Networks and Identification of Alternate Drug Targets
		14.3.4 Functional Annotation Study
	14.4 Structure and Activity of the Drug Target
	14.5 Databases of Small Molecules
	14.6 Pre-docking Screening of Ligands
		14.6.1 In Silico Screening of Ligands for Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties
		14.6.2 Calculation of ADMET Properties
	14.7 Molecular Docking and Virtual High-Throughput Screening
	14.8 Binding Energy Analysis
	14.9 MD Simulation
	14.10 Scopes and Limits of CADD
	References
15: Recent Advances in PGPRs and Their Application in Imparting Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Different Types of Biotic Stress and Their Impact on Plants
	15.3 Different Types of Abiotic Stress and Their Impact on Plants
		15.3.1 PGPR
	15.4 Role of PGPR in Overcoming Abiotic Stress
	15.5 Role of PGPR in Overcoming Biotic Stress
	15.6 Molecular Mechanism of PGPRs in Control of Biotic and Abiotic Stress
	15.7 Prospects of PGPR Application in Crop Improvement
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
16: Microbial Hyaluronidase: Its Production, Purification and Applications
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 History
		16.1.2 Natural Biological Role
		16.1.3 Mechanism of Action
	16.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Hyaluronidases
	16.3 Diversity of Hyaluronidases
		16.3.1 Human Hyaluronidases
		16.3.2 Bovine Testicular Hyaluronidases
		16.3.3 Venom Hyaluronidases
		16.3.4 Leech Hyaluronidases
		16.3.5 Microbial Hyaluronidases
	16.4 The Sources of Enzyme Hyases
	16.5 Hyase Production
	16.6 Hyase Purification Approaches
		16.6.1 Salt and Solvent Precipitation
		16.6.2 Chromatographic Separations
	16.7 Bio-physicochemical Characterization of Hyases
		16.7.1 Substrate Specificity of Hyases
		16.7.2 Molecular Weight
		16.7.3 Optimum pH and Temperature
	16.8 Applications of Hyaluronidases
		16.8.1 Hyaluronidase Used in Cancer Therapeutics
		16.8.2 Hyaluronidases as Adjuvant
		16.8.3 Hyaluronidases in Ophthalmology
	16.9 Commercial Hyases in the Market
	16.10 Conclusion
	References
17: Strain Improvement Strategies of Industrially Important Microorganisms
	17.1 Introduction to Strain Improvement
	17.2 Classical Methods of Strain Improvement
		17.2.1 Mutation
		17.2.2 Genetic Recombination (Recombinant DNA Technology)
	17.3 Epigenetic or Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs)
		17.3.1 Chromatin Remodeling
		17.3.2 Ribosome Engineering
		17.3.3 Engineering N-Glycosylation Sites
	17.4 Genetic Engineering Strategies
	17.5 CRISPR/Cas9 in Industrial Biology
	17.6 Strategies for Improvement of Efficient CRISPR-/Cas-Based Genome Editing
		17.6.1 Improvement in Repair Process
		17.6.2 Promoter Optimization for Expression of Cas9 and SgRNA
		17.6.3 Optimization of Codon for Cas9
	17.7 Application of CRISPR/Cas in Synthetic Biology
	17.8 Conclusions
	References
18: Microbial Diversity for Agricultural Productivity
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Categories of Biofertilizers
		18.2.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers (NFB)
		18.2.2 Phosphate-Solubilizing Biofertilizer
		18.2.3 Potassium-Mobilizing Biofertilizer
		18.2.4 Sulfur-Oxidizing Biofertilizer
		18.2.5 Zn Solubilizer
	18.3 Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
		18.3.1 Rhizobium
		18.3.2 Free-Living Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
			18.3.2.1 Azotobacter
			18.3.2.2 Azospirillum
			18.3.2.3 Cyanobacteria
	18.4 Phosphorus-Solubilizing Microorganisms
		18.4.1 Bacillus
		18.4.2 Pseudomonas
	18.5 Potassium-Solubilizing Microbes
	18.6 Mycorrhiza
		18.6.1 Ectomycorrhiza
		18.6.2 Endomycorrhiza
	18.7 Action Mechanism of Biofertilizer
		18.7.1 Nitrogen Fixation
		18.7.2 Phosphorus Solubilization and Mobilization
		18.7.3 Potassium Solubilization
		18.7.4 Intake of Micronutrients
		18.7.5 Production of Plant Hormones
		18.7.6 Disease Control
	18.8 Application of Microbial Fertilizers Toward Sustainable Agriculture
		18.8.1 Role of Microbes as Biosensors in Agricultural Activities
	18.9 Conclusion: Limitations and Future Prospects
	References
19: Role of Microbes in Bioremediation
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Types of Bioremediation
		19.2.1 In-Situ Bioremediation
			19.2.1.1 Natural Attenuation
			19.2.1.2 Enhanced Methods
				Bioventing
				Biosparging
				Bioaugmentation
				Biostimulation
		19.2.2 Ex-Situ Bioremediation
			19.2.2.1 Biopile
			19.2.2.2 Windrows
			19.2.2.3 Bioreactor
	19.3 Types of Microbes Associated with Bioremediation
		19.3.1 Bacteria
		19.3.2 Rhizobacteria
		19.3.3 Fungi
		19.3.4 Yeast
		19.3.5 Algae
		19.3.6 Protozoa
	19.4 Factors Associated to Microbial Bioremediation
		19.4.1 Biotic Factors
		19.4.2 Abiotic Factors
			19.4.2.1 Temperature
			19.4.2.2 pH
			19.4.2.3 Availability of Nutrients
			19.4.2.4 Concentration of Oxygen
			19.4.2.5 Toxic Compounds
			19.4.2.6 Moisture Content
			19.4.2.7 The Soil
	19.5 Applications of Microbial Bioremediation
		19.5.1 Bioremediation of Pesticides
		19.5.2 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
		19.5.3 Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons
		19.5.4 Bioremediation of Mined Wasteland and Landfill Leachates
		19.5.5 Bioremediation of Dyes
		19.5.6 Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes
	19.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation
		19.6.1 Advantages
		19.6.2 Disadvantages
	19.7 Microbial Bioremediation and Sustainable Environment Management
	References
20: Reuterin: A Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Agent and Its Applications
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Synthesis and Composition of Reuterin
	20.3 Production
	20.4 Mode of Action
	20.5 Stability
	20.6 Toxicity
	20.7 Applications
	20.8 Conclusion
	20.9 Future Perspectives
	References
21: Seaweed Farming: An Environmental and Societal Perspective
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Upstream Processing of Seaweed
		21.2.1 Seaweed Farming Principle and Cultivation Techniques
		21.2.2 Harvesting Strategy
		21.2.3 Extraction Techniques
		21.2.4 Purification Strategy
	21.3 Application of Seaweed
		21.3.1 Industrial Application of Seaweeds
		21.3.2 Role of Seaweed in Environmental Remediation
			21.3.2.1 Pollution Management
			21.3.2.2 Mitigate Adverse Effects of Climate Change
		21.3.3 Societal Perspectives
			21.3.3.1 Health Benefits
			21.3.3.2 Potential Health Risk
			21.3.3.3 Seaweed-Associated Bioeconomy
	21.4 Past and Ongoing Programs to Promote Seaweed Cultivation
	21.5 Strategies to Overcome Technical Challenges
	21.6 Conclusion
	References
22: Development of New Molecules Through Molecular Docking
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Computer-Aided Drug Design
	22.3 Ligand-Based Drug Design (LBDD)
	22.4 Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD)
	22.5 Steps of SBDD and Lead Compound Identification
	22.6 Preparation of the Ligand Library
	22.7 Binding Site Identification
	22.8 Docking and Scoring Function
	22.9 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)
	22.10 Significance of in-Silico Drug Designing/Development
	22.11 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation
	22.12 Conclusion
	References
23: Strategies for Improved Production of Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and Pigments in Microalgae
	23.3 Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments Production (MDCPs)
		23.3.1 Current Development in MDCP Production to Market Potential
			23.3.1.1 Photoautotrophic Cultivation
			23.3.1.2 Heterotrophic Cultivation
			23.3.1.3 Mixotrophic Cultivation
		23.3.2 Strategies for Enhanced Production of MDCPs
			23.3.2.1 Physicochemical Regulation
			23.3.2.2 Genetic Engineering
		23.3.3 Technological Issues in the Production of MDCPs
	23.4 Recent Approaches in Downstream Processing of MDCPs
		23.4.1 Harvesting Strategy
		23.4.2 Extraction Techniques
		23.4.3 Purification Techniques
	23.5 Industrial and Commercial Applications of MDCPs
		23.5.1 Food Industry
		23.5.2 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Industry
		23.5.3 Poultry Industry
		23.5.4 Dairy Industry
	23.6 Conclusion
	References
24: Strategies for Strain Improvement of Economically Important Microorganisms
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Why Is Strain Improvement Important?
	24.3 Strategies for Strain Improvement
	24.4 Mutagenesis
	24.5 Mutagenic Agents and their Mutagenic Effcet
	24.6 General Procedure of Mutation Based Strain Improvement
		24.6.1 Induction of Mutation
		24.6.2 Screening and Selection of Desired Mutant
	24.7 Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) Based Strain Improvement
	24.8 Tools for rDNA Technology
		24.8.1 Gene of Interest
		24.8.2 Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme
		24.8.3 DNA Ligases
		24.8.4 Vectors
			24.8.4.1 Cloning Vector Based on Plasmid DNA
			24.8.4.2 Cloning Vector for Yeast
		24.8.5 Selectable Marker and Screening Marker
			24.8.5.1 Selectable Marker
			24.8.5.2 Screening Marker
	24.9 Fundamental Steps for rDNA Technology
		24.9.1 Isolation of Genetic Material
		24.9.2 Restriction Digestion
		24.9.3 Amplification of DNA
		24.9.4 Ligation of DNA
		24.9.5 Transformation of rDNA into Host
		24.9.6 Selection of Transformed Cell
	24.10 CRISPR/Cas System as a Recent Advancement in Recombinant DNA Technology
	24.11 Mechanisms of Action of CRISPR/CAS Systems
	24.12 Types of CRISPR/CAS System
		24.12.1 Type I CRISPR/CAS System
		24.12.2 Type II CRISPR/CAS System
		24.12.3 Type III CRISPR/CAS System
	24.13 Application of CRISPR/CAS Technology in Strain Improvement
		24.13.1 Addition of Desirable Traits
		24.13.2 Removal of Unwanted or Undesirable Traits
		24.13.3 Improving Resistance to Bacteriophage
		24.13.4 Regulation of Gene Expression
		24.13.5 Multiplex Genome Editing
	24.14 Conclusion
	References
25: Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Waste Materials for Biogas Production: An Indian Perspecti...
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Current Indian Perspective of Biowaste Generation
	25.3 Bio-Based Waste Conversion Technologies
		25.3.1 Physical Conversion of Bio-Based Waste
		25.3.2 Thermochemical Conversion of Bio-Based Waste
		25.3.3 Biological Conversion of Bio-Based Waste
	25.4 Biogas Production and Utilization of Potential Substrates with Factors Affecting
	25.5 Techno-Economic Analysis with Bio-Based Waste Materials
	25.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Substrates for Biogas Production with Environmental Implications
		25.6.1 Life Cycle Assessment Description of Studies on Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion
	25.7 Indian Policies and Implications with Bio-Based Waste Materials
	25.8 Future Developments and Indirect Impacts with the Use of Bio-Based Waste Materials in the Production of Biogas
	25.9 Conclusion
	References