Industrial Inorganic Chemistry

Cover
Half Title
Also of Interest
Industrial Inorganic Chemistry
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. Overview and introduction to industrial inorganic processes
	Materials that are mined
	Materials from water
	Inorganics extracted from organic sources
	Materials from air
	List of producers by country
	Bibliography
2. Sulfuric acid production, uses, derivatives
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sulfur sourcing
	2.3 Sulfuric acid, methods of production
	2.4 Sulfuric acid, annual volume of production
	2.5 Sulfuric acid uses
	2.6 Derivatives
		2.6.1 Sulfur dioxide
		2.6.2 Sulfur trioxide
		2.6.3 Hydrogen sulfide gas
		2.6.4 Sodium sulfide
		2.6.5 Carbon disulfide
		2.6.6 Sulfur chlorides
		2.6.7 Thionyl chloride
		2.6.8 Sulfuryl chloride
		2.6.9 Chlorosulfonic acid (or, chlorosulfuric acid)
		2.6.10 Sodium thiosulfate
			a. Gold recovery
			b. Photography
			c. Medical treatment
			d. Water treatment
		2.6.11 Ammonium thiosulfate
		2.6.12 Sodium dithionite
		2.6.13 Sodium hydroxymethylsulfinate
		2.6.14 Sodium hydrosulfide
	2.7 Recycling
	Bibliography
3. Industrial gases, isolation, and uses
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Uses
		3.2.1 Oxygen
		3.2.2 Nitrogen
		3.2.3 Argon
		3.2.4 Carbon dioxide
		3.2.5 Hydrogen
		3.2.6 Helium
		3.2.7 Neon
		3.2.8 Krypton
		3.2.9 Xenon
	3.3 Recycling
	Bibliography
4. Nitrogen-based inorganic compounds
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Ammonia
	4.3 Ammonium nitrate
	4.4 Nitric acid
	4.5 Urea
	4.6 Ammonium sulfate
	4.7 Hydrazine
	4.8 Nitrogen pollution
	4.9 Recycling
	Bibliography
5. Fertilizers
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nitrogen based
	5.3 Phosphorus based
	5.4 Potassium-containing
	5.5 Mixed fertilizers and the NPK rating system
	5.6 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
6. Calcium and limestone-based products
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Lime
		6.2.1 Lime production
		6.2.2 Lime uses
	6.3 Sodium carbonate (or: soda ash)
	6.4 Calcium chloride
	6.5 Limestone-based construction materials
	6.6 Recycling
	Bibliography
7. Sodium chloride
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sodium chloride recovery and production
		7.2.1 Production and recovery methods
		7.2.2 Direct uses for salt
	7.3 Major chemicals produced from salt
		7.3.1 Sodium hydroxide
			The mercury cell
			The diaphragm cell
			The membrane cell
		7.3.2 Sodium metal and chlorine
		7.3.3 Hydrochloric acid
		7.3.4 Titanium dioxide
		7.3.5 Sodium chlorate
		7.3.6 Sodium silicate
	7.4 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
8. Fluorine, fluorite, and fluorine-based materials
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Calcium fluoride production
	8.3 Fluorine isolation
	8.4 Metspar and acidspar
	8.5 Hydrofluoric acid
	8.6 Teflon
	8.7 Perfluorooctanoic acid
	8.8 Fluorine-containing fibers
	8.9 Teflon and fluorine-containing fiber uses
	8.10 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
9. Borderline inorganics–organics
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Carbon black (or: channel black, colloidal black, furnace black, and thermal black)
		9.2.1 Carbon black production
		9.2.2 Carbon black uses
		9.2.3 Carbon black, recycling, and re-use
	9.3 Sodium tri-poly-phosphate
		9.3.1 STPP production
		9.3.2 STPP uses
		9.3.3 STPP recycling and re-use
	9.4 Borax and borates
		9.4.1 Borax production
		9.4.2 Borax uses
		9.4.3 Borax re-use and recycling
	9.5 Asphalt
		9.5.1 Asphalt source materials, formulas, and production
		9.5.2 Asphalt uses
		9.5.3 Asphalt re-use and recycling
	Bibliography
10. Water
	10.1 Introduction and sources
	10.2 Purification
		10.2.1 Desalination
			Multistage flash distillation
			Reverse osmosis
			Membrane distillation
			Electrodialysis reversal
			Nanofiltration
			Ion exchange
			Solar desalination
			Freezing desalination
		10.2.2 Sewage treatment
			Pre-treatment
			Primary treatment
			Secondary treatment
			Sludge digestion
		10.2.3 Water conservation
	10.3 High purity, uses
	10.4 Uses, residential
	10.5 Uses, industrial
	10.6 Recycling
	Bibliography
11. Iron and steel
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Ore sources
	11.3 Current iron production
	11.4 Steel production
	11.5 Uses of iron and steel
	11.6 By-product production
	11.7 Recycling
	Bibliography
12. Aluminum
	12.1 Introduction and history
	12.2 Bauxite sources
	12.3 Aluminum production methods
		12.3.1 Alumina production
		12.3.2 Aluminum refining
	12.4 Major industrial uses
	12.5 Lightweight alloys
	12.6 By-products
	12.7 Recycling
	Bibliography
13. Copper
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Ore sources
	13.3 Production methods
	13.4 Major industrial uses
		13.4.1 Wiring
		13.4.2 Piping
		13.4.3 Coinage
	13.5 Brass
	13.6 Bronze
	13.7 Other copper alloys
	13.8 By-products
	13.9 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
14. Other major metals for industrial use
	14.1 Titanium
		14.1.1 Sources
		14.1.2 Titanium dioxide production
		14.1.3 Uses
		14.1.4 Recycling
	14.2 Chromium
		14.2.1 Chromium sources
		14.2.2 Uses of chromium
			Ferrochromium
			Chrome plating
			Pigment and dye applications
		14.2.3 Recycling
	14.3 Mercury
		14.3.1 Sources of mercury
		14.3.2 Uses of mercury
		14.3.3 Recycling of mercury
	14.4 Gold
		14.4.1 Sources of gold
			Cyanide leaching
			Aqua regia
			The miller process
			Anode muds
		14.4.2 Uses of gold
		14.4.3 Recycling
	14.5 Silver
		14.5.1 Silver production
			The washoe process
		14.5.2 Silver uses
		14.5.3 Recycling
	14.6 Lead
		14.6.1 Lead sources
		14.6.2 Lead extraction chemistry
			The parkes process
			The betterton–kroll process
		14.6.3 Lead uses
		14.6.4 Lead recycling
	14.7 Tin
		14.7.1 Tin sources
		14.7.2 Tin production
		14.7.3 Tin uses
		14.7.4 Tin recycling
	14.8 Platinum group metals (PGM)
		14.8.1 PGM sources
		14.8.2 PGM production
			Platinum
			Palladium
			Rhodium
			Iridium
			Osmium
			Ruthenium
		14.8.3 PGM uses
		14.8.4 PGM recycling
	14.9 Technetium
		14.9.1 Technetium sources and production
		14.9.2 Technetium uses
		14.9.3 Technetium recycling and re-use
	14.10 Tantalum and niobium
		14.10.1 Tantalum and niobium sources
		14.10.2 Tantalum and niobium production
		14.10.3 Tantalum and niobium uses
		14.10.4 Tantalum and niobium recycling
	14.11 Amalgams
	Bibliography
15. Rare earth elements
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Isolation and production
	15.3 Rare earth element purification
		15.3.1 Yttrium isolation
		15.3.2 Isolation of rare earth elemental metals
	15.4 Rare earth element uses
		15.4.1 Alloys
		15.4.2 Magnets
		15.4.3 Batteries
		15.4.4 Catalysts
		15.4.5 Petroleum refining
		15.4.6 Polishing materials
		15.4.7 Glasses and glass mixes
		15.4.8 Ceramics
	15.5 Recycling
	Bibliography
16. Uranium and thorium
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Sources
	16.3 Purification
		16.3.1 Uranium purification
		16.3.2 Thorium purification
	16.4 Uranium and thorium uses
		16.4.1 Uranium uses
		16.4.2 Thorium uses
	16.5 By-products
	16.6 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
17. Silicon
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Sources
	17.3 Purification
		17.3.1 Metallurgical grade silicon
		17.3.2 Semiconductor grade silicon
		17.3.3 Single crystal high-purity silicon
	17.4 Uses
	17.5 Silicones and organo-silicon materials
		17.5.1 Silicone production
		17.5.2 Silicone uses
	17.6 Silanes
	17.7 Semiconductors
	17.8 Recycling
	Bibliography
18. Lightweight materials
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Lightweight alloys
		18.2.1 Aluminum alloys
		18.2.2 Metal foams
		18.2.3 Titanium alloys
		18.2.4 Magnesium alloys
		18.2.5 Beryllium and beryllium alloys
	18.3 Aerogels
		18.3.1 Silica-based aerogels
		18.3.2 Zirconia-based aerogels
		18.3.3 Titania-based aerogels
		18.3.4 Aerogel uses
	18.4 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
		18.4.1 Synthesis of MOFs
		18.4.2 Uses of MOFs
	18.5 Zeolites
	18.6 Fullerenes
		18.6.1 Fullerene synthesis
		18.6.2 Fullerene uses
	18.7 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
19. Ceramics
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Production
		19.2.1 Syntheses
			Mixing
			Forming
			Firing
			Glazing
		19.2.2 Tailoring properties of ceramics
	19.3 Applications and end uses
	19.4 Recycling and re-use
	Bibliography
20. Hard materials
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Diamond
		20.2.1 Introduction
		20.2.2 Diamond synthesis
	20.3 Silicon carbide
	20.4 Boron and carbon nitrides
	20.5 Metal borides
	20.6 Recycling
	Bibliography
Index