Industrial applications of single cell oils

Industrial Applications of Single Cell Oils......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
First Principles and a Definition......Page 7
Historical Background of SCO......Page 8
Recent Developments......Page 11
Cocoa Butter Facsimile Oil......Page 12
Gamma-Linolenic Acid......Page 13
Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 16
Biochemistry: SCO as Academic Curiosity-Led Research......Page 17
References......Page 21
Introduction......Page 22
Effects of Feedstock Chemistry......Page 24
Effect of Temperature on Wax Ester Chemistry......Page 28
Improved Mutants for Wax Ester Production......Page 31
Conclusions......Page 33
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 35
Screening for Marine Bacteria Which Produce EPA......Page 38
Isolation and Identification of EPA-Producing Bacteria......Page 41
Lipid Analysis of the Cells of EPA-Producing Bacteria......Page 44
Mass Production of EPA by Fermentation......Page 48
Physiological Activities of EPA-Containing Phospholipids......Page 49
Significance of the Present Research and Future Problems......Page 53
References......Page 55
Introduction......Page 58
Bench-Top Fermentations 4 L......Page 59
Results and Discussion......Page 60
Acknowledgments......Page 65
References......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
Culture Conditions......Page 68
Analytical Methods......Page 69
Influence of Culture Conditions on Lipid Composition......Page 70
Selection of Additional GLA-Producing Mortierella Strains......Page 75
Cultivation of Mortierella in Fermenters......Page 77
Effect of Metal Ions......Page 82
Effect of Temperature......Page 83
Cultivation of Mortierella at High Glucose Concentrations......Page 85
Effect of Mode of Fermentation on Lipid Productivity......Page 89
Characterization of 6-Desaturation......Page 95
Discussion......Page 100
References......Page 102
Introduction......Page 104
Sources of Fungi and Culture Conditions......Page 106
Extraction and Analytical Procedures......Page 108
Lipid Composition......Page 109
Enhancement of ARA and EPA Production......Page 116
Discussion......Page 119
References......Page 122
Summary......Page 124
Introduction......Page 125
Arachidonic Acid......Page 126
Production Under Low Temperature Growth Conditions......Page 132
Conversion of Linseed Oil to an Oil Containing EPA......Page 136
Dihomo-γ-linolenic Acid......Page 138
Odd Chain PUFAs......Page 139
Desaturase Inhibitors......Page 140
References......Page 142
Introduction......Page 145
Methods......Page 146
Modification of Oils by A. curvatum......Page 149
Growth of the Yeast on Saturated Short Chain Fatty Acids C4 to C14......Page 150
Growth of the Yeast on Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids......Page 152
Growth of the Yeast on Monounsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 153
Growth on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 154
Utilization of Conjugated and Oxygenated Fatty Acids......Page 157
Cholesterol Incorporated by A. curvatum......Page 158
References......Page 160
Introduction......Page 162
Isolation and Identification of Oleaginous Yeasts......Page 164
Fermentation Medium and Conditions......Page 165
Triacylglycerol Isolation, Fractionation and Characterization......Page 166
Isolation of Mutant and Hybrid Yeasts......Page 167
Screening for Oleaginous Yeasts......Page 168
Laboratory Scale Production of a Yeast CBE......Page 169
Quality of the Yeast CBE......Page 171
Economic Model......Page 173
Effect of Metal Ions on Lipid Production Kinetics and Lipid Quality......Page 175
9 Desaturase Mutants......Page 180
Partial 9 Desaturase Revertants......Page 183
Hybrids......Page 185
Acknowledgments......Page 187
References......Page 189
Introduction......Page 191
Lipids Produced by Ufa Mutants......Page 194
Production of CBEs with Ufa Mutants......Page 195
Lipids of Revertants of Ufa Mutants......Page 197
Future Perspective of Microbial CBE Production......Page 200
References......Page 201
Introduction......Page 202
Yeast Oils from Whey......Page 205
Fermentation......Page 206
Cell Recovery......Page 210
Yeast Cell Disruption and Oil Recovery......Page 213
Economics......Page 221
References......Page 223
Summary......Page 225
Culture Conditions......Page 226
Analysis of Nannochloropsis Lipids......Page 227
Preparation of Pure EPA......Page 229
Aquaculture Applications for Nannochloropsis......Page 230
Brine Shrimp Culture......Page 232
Rotifer Culture......Page 235
Conclusion......Page 239
References......Page 240
Introduction......Page 241
Project Overview......Page 243
Production......Page 244
Recent Project Highlights......Page 245
Genetic Transformation of Microalgae......Page 246
Acknowledgments......Page 247
References......Page 248
Introduction......Page 249
Outdoor Cultures......Page 251
Environmental Effects......Page 252
Nitrogen Starvation......Page 257
Strain Evaluation......Page 258
Selection of Overproducers......Page 262
EPA Purification......Page 270
GLA Purification......Page 272
References......Page 277
Introduction......Page 280
The Importance of Dietary EPA......Page 281
Heterotrophic Microalgae and Single Cell Oils......Page 282
Optimization of Oil Production in MK8908......Page 284
Uses for EPASCO......Page 288
Economics and Future Direction......Page 289
References......Page 290
Introduction......Page 293
Essentiality of DHA......Page 294
Sources of DHA......Page 296
Cultivation of MK8805......Page 298
Isolation and Purification of DHASCO......Page 299
Applications of DHASCO to Infant Formula......Page 302
References......Page 304