Inductive Devices in Power Electronics: Materials, measurement, design and applications

Cover
Contents
Foreword
About the editor
Part I: Magnetic materials and winding concepts
	1 Soft ferrite materials for high-frequency applications
		1.1 Different magnetic materials – a brief overview
			1.1.1 Metal powder
			1.1.2 Ferrites
			1.1.3 Plastic-bonded soft ferrites and injection moulded soft ferrites
		1.2 Physical and chemical principles of ferrites
			1.2.1 Ferrimagnetism
			1.2.2 The structure of soft ferrites
			1.2.3 Additives
			1.2.4 Soft ferrite&x00027;s manufacturing process
			1.2.5 Physical characteristics
			1.2.6 Differences between MnZn ferrites and NiZn ferrites
		1.3 Selection of the appropriate soft ferrite material in high-frequency applications
		References
	2 Metallic magnetic materials
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Use of electrical steel sheets
		2.3 Changes in magnetic properties due to mechanical processing and heat treatment
		2.4 Non-grain-oriented electric steel (NGOES) and grain-oriented electric steel (GOES)
		2.5 Amorphous ferromagnetic materials
		2.6 Nanocrystalline ferromagnetic materials
		References
	3 Powdered magnetic materials
		3.1 Powdered material types
			3.1.1 Powdered iron
				3.1.1.1 Iron
				3.1.1.2 Carbonyl iron
			3.1.2 Powdered alloy
				3.1.2.1 Molypermalloy
				3.1.2.2 Sendust
				3.1.2.3 Permalloy
				3.1.2.4 Iron–silicon
				3.1.2.5 Hybrid materials
		3.2 Powdered materials vs. ferrites
			3.2.1 Disadvantages
				3.2.1.1 Initial permeability
				3.2.1.2 Linearity
				3.2.1.3 Core loss
				3.2.1.4 Thermal aging
			3.2.2 Advantages
				3.2.2.1 Saturation flux density
				3.2.2.2 High-temperature operation
				3.2.2.3 Soft-saturation
				3.2.2.4 Temperature stability
				3.2.2.5 Lower AC copper losses
				3.2.2.6 Core loss stability with DC bias
				3.2.2.7 Smooth complex permeability roll-off
		3.3 Typical applications for powdered materials
			3.3.1 DC filter inductors
			3.3.2 AC line chokes
			3.3.3 DC/DC power conversion inductors
			3.3.4 RF applications
		References
	4 Measurement methods for magnetic properties of μm-thick steels used for high-frequency inductor cores
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Fabrication of non-annealed and annealed steels
		4.3 Improved measurement method
		4.4 Measured results in experiments
		4.5 Proposed calculation technique for validation
		4.6 Discussion on obtained results
		4.7 Conclusion
		References
	5 Winding types in high-frequency power electronics applications
		5.1 Inductive and capacitive coupling
		5.2 Inductive and capacitive coupling of a multi-layer air coil
			5.2.1 Inductive coupling
			5.2.2 Capacitive coupling
		5.3 Winding losses
		5.4 Design of an inductor for a buck converter
			5.4.1 Simplified loss estimation
			5.4.2 More precise loss calculation using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT)
			5.4.3 Analysis of losses by thermography
			5.4.4 Capacitance of the prototypes
		References
	6 Magnetic material selection for power inductors and transformers
		6.1 Background
		6.2 AC-dominated cases
		6.3 DC-dominated cases
		6.4 In between AC- and DC-dominated cases
		6.5 Is saturation or core loss the likely limit?
		6.6 What about non-sinusoidal waveforms?
		6.7 Does permeability really not matter?
		6.8 Permeability in transformers
		6.9 Transition to air core magnetics
		6.10 Beyond a single frequency: the performance factor
		References
Part II: Modelling
	7 Modeling of inductive components for simulation in power electronic applications
		7.1 Linear approaches
		7.2 Consideration of losses in inductive components
		7.3 Consideration of winding losses
		7.4 Composition of the Ψ(I) characteristic curves in simulation
		References
	8 Measuring magnetic core loss
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 What is core loss?
		8.3 Initial conditions
		8.4 Source waveforms for testing
			8.4.1 Sine
			8.4.2 Rectangular
			8.4.3 Arbitrary
			8.4.4 DC bias
		8.5 Methods to measure core loss
		8.6 Circuits
			8.6.1 Epstein frame
			8.6.2 Classic circuit
			8.6.3 Resonant circuits
			8.6.4 Other circuits
			8.6.5 Circuit fixtures
		8.7 Measurement equipment
			8.7.1 Power analyzer (digital wattmeter)
			8.7.2 BH analyzers
			8.7.3 Other systems
			8.7.4 Digital oscilloscope
			8.7.5 Resistive shunt
			8.7.6 Coaxial Shunt
			8.7.7 Current transformer (or probe)
			8.7.8 Oscilloscope reading error
			8.7.9 Total error
		8.8 Calculation methods
		8.9 Temperature
		8.10 Summary
		References
	9 Software for inductive components
		9.1 Data structure
		9.2 Magnetizing inductance
		9.3 Core losses
		9.4 Skin effect losses
			9.4.1 Magnetic field strength and proximity effect losses
				9.4.1.1 Magnetic field strength
				9.4.1.2 Proximity effect losses
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		9.5 Winding losses for non-sinusoidal waveforms
		References
Part III: Concepts on magnetic flux coupling
	10 Use of permanent magnets in power electronics applications
		10.1 Introduction to the benefits of passive premagnetization
		10.2 Analytical description of a combined magnetic circuit
		10.3 Concepts of passive premagnetization
			10.3.1 Concept of serial premagnetization
			10.3.2 Concept of parallel premagnetization
		10.4 Selection of hard magnetic material
		10.5 Summary
		References
	11 Orthogonal magnetization in power electronics applications
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Operating principle
		11.3 Modelling
		11.4 Applications
		11.5 Conclusions
		References
	12 Multiple coupled phases using iron-based tape-wound cores
		12.1 Motivation for coupled inductors based on tape-wound cores
		12.2 Modeling of multi-phase tape-wound-coupled inductors
			12.2.1 Electrical model of multi-phase coupled inductors
			12.2.2 Electrical model of the two-phase inversely coupled inductor
			12.2.3 Electrical model of the four-phase coupled inductor
			12.2.4 Magnetic model of coupled inductors
			12.2.5 Special discussion on the three-phase coupled inductor
		12.3 Workflow of inductor optimization based on the example of a 90 kW, three-phase, three-level, grid-connected inverter operating at 48 kHz
		12.4 Summary
		Acknowledgement
		References
Part IV: Integrated inductive components and design forhigh frequencies
	13 Design of integrated inductive components for high-power converters with and without insulation
		13.1 The problem of the number of magnetic devices
		13.2 AC–AC converter with multiple magnetic devices
		13.3 Storing energy is leakage flux
		13.4 Integration of the interleaved transformer and the filter inductor
			13.4.1 Design and results
		13.5 Integration of the interleaved transformer, filter inductor, and transformer
			13.5.1 Design and results
		13.6 Summary
		References
	14 Considerations for design optimization of high-power medium-frequency transformers
		14.1 Solid-state transformers
		14.2 MFT design considerations
			14.2.1 Scaling laws
			14.2.2 Requirements
		14.3 Design space and technologies
			14.3.1 MFT construction types
			14.3.2 Winding conductors
			14.3.3 Winding arrangement
		14.4 Materials
			14.4.1 Core materials
			14.4.2 Conductor materials
			14.4.3 Insulating materials
		14.5 Thermal and insulation coordination
			14.5.1 Thermal design
			14.5.2 Insulation coordination
		14.6 Design optimization
		14.7 Summary
		References
	15 Multiwinding transformer-based solid-state transformers
		15.1 Introduction to SSTs
		15.2 MWT-based SST topologies
			15.2.1 DC–DC SST topologies with MVDC link
			15.2.2 AC-DC SST topologies without MVDC link
			15.2.3 Power flow control
			15.2.4 Comparative study of diverse SSTs
		15.3 Self-tuning SST topologies
			15.3.1 Voltage-controlled magnetics
			15.3.2 Control method of magnetic properties
			15.3.3 Use case
		15.4 Transformer topologies
			15.4.1 Overview
			15.4.2 Wire-wound transformer
			15.4.3 Planar transformer
		15.5 Emerging applications of MWT-based SSTs
		15.6 Summary
		References
	16 Design of high-frequency magnetic components for resonant converter
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Design consideration of discrete magnetics and IT
			16.2.1 Design consideration for a discrete inductor
			16.2.2 Design consideration for a discrete transformer
			16.2.3 Design consideration for an integrated transformer
		16.3 Flux distribution comparison between IT and DIT solutions
			16.3.1 Comparison of flux waveforms for DIT and IT solutions
			16.3.2 FEA comparison of flux distribution for DIT and IT solutions
			16.3.3 Comparison of magnetic loss for IT and DIT solutions
		16.4 Design of discrete magnetics for a 30 kw LLC resonant converter
			16.4.1 Design of discrete transformer with parallel primary windings
			16.4.2 Design of discrete inductor with parallel windings
			16.4.3 Loss comparison of IT and New DIT solutions
		16.5 Experimental results
		16.6 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Selected application problems
	17 Magnetic materials and devices for EMI filtering
		17.1 Challenges for EMI filtering
			17.1.1 Impact of high-frequency pulse transitions on EMI generation
		17.2 Magnetic materials for EMI filters
			17.2.1 Complex permeability characteristics
			17.2.2 Complex permittivity characteristics
		17.3 High-frequency effects in the magnetic core
			17.3.1 Dimensional resonance and skin depth
			17.3.2 High-frequency effects in magnetic materials
		17.4 Common-mode chokes
			17.4.1 Filter impedance analysis
			17.4.2 Laminated ferrite core
			17.4.3 Core size effect on lamination
			17.4.4 Core impedance characteristics
		References
	18 Common mode and differential mode suppression in power electronic systems
		18.1 Problem description
		18.2 Minimization of current ripple interference with filter chokes
		18.3 Minimization of differential mode interference with LC and LCL filter
		18.4 Minimization of common mode (CM) interference
		18.5 Measures for shielding power electronic assemblies
		18.6 The effect of insulating transformers
		18.7 Integration of common mode and differential mode filter in one inductive component
		References
	19 Active ripple cancelation
		19.1 The problem of ripple current
		19.2 Active ripple cancellation by addition of an phase-inverted ripple current
		19.3 Use of inductive components for current ripple cancelation
		19.4 Interleaved operation of PWM converter branches
		19.5 Multiple interleaved operation of PWM converter branches
		19.6 Summary
		References
Conclusion Wrap-up and future directions
Index
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