Indian Ocean Geology and Biostratigraphy

Title Page
......Page 1
Copyright
......Page 2
Preface
......Page 3
Foreword
......Page 4
Contents
......Page 6
Morphology of the Indian Ocean......Page 8
Tectonic Synthesis of the Indian Ocean......Page 11
Major Problems Undertaken by DSDP in the Indian Ocean......Page 14
Problems Still Left for Drilling in the Indian Ocean......Page 27
References......Page 28
CHAPTER 2. PALEOBATHYMETRY AND SEDIMENTS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN......Page 32
Introduction......Page 33
The Depth of the Ocean Floor as a Function of Age......Page 34
Tectonic History......Page 43
The Paleobathymetric Charts......Page 47
Conclusions on Sediment Distributions......Page 58
References......Page 59
Appendix I......Page 63
Appendix II......Page 66
Introduction......Page 67
Present Day Distribution of Sediments......Page 71
The Evolving Pattern of Sedimentation......Page 80
Discussion......Page 86
References......Page 90
Introduction......Page 92
Volcanogenic Components in Marine Sediments......Page 95
Dispersal of Volcanogenic Sediments......Page 97
Volcanic Contributions to Indian Ocean Sediments......Page 98
Aseismic Ridges......Page 108
Volcanogenic Sediments and Sea Floor Spreading......Page 114
Landmass Volcanism......Page 115
Conclusions......Page 118
References......Page 120
Introduction......Page 124
Sediment Thickness and Distribution......Page 127
Lithology......Page 130
Volcanogenic Sediments......Page 135
Biogenic Sediments......Page 136
Chemical Composition......Page 138
Sedimentation......Page 144
Sedimentary History......Page 149
References......Page 152
Introduction......Page 156
Discussion......Page 163
References......Page 167
Introduction......Page 169
Drilling Results......Page 173
A Tectonic Model......Page 181
Conclusions......Page 187
Future Work......Page 188
References......Page 189
CHAPTER 8. EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN DSDP SITES: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PETROGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND TECTONIC SETTING......Page 192
Introduction......Page 193
Strategy......Page 194
Ninetyeast Ridge......Page 198
Comparison of Ninetyeast Ridge Rocks to Other Areas......Page 215
Central Indian Basin......Page 226
Wharton Basin......Page 230
Southeast Wharton Basin......Page 239
Northeast Wharton Basin......Page 245
Summary......Page 251
References......Page 255
Introduction......Page 261
Methods of Study and Presentation of Data......Page 262
Major Elements Chemistry......Page 264
Large Ion Lithophile Elements Chemistry......Page 266
Geochemical Differences between Mid-Indian Oceanic Ridge and Carlsberg Ridge......Page 274
Summary and Conclusions......Page 276
References......Page 277
Velocity and Density Data......Page 281
Velocity-Density Relationships......Page 290
Layer 2 Seismic Refraction Velocities......Page 293
References......Page 300
Introduction......Page 302
Summary of Magnetic Properties......Page 304
World-Wide Summary of Magnetic Properties of Oceanic Basalts......Page 308
References......Page 310
CHAPTER 12. INTRODUCTION TO STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY......Page 312
Stratigraphy......Page 313
Paleontology......Page 320
References......Page 324
CHAPTER 13. PALEONTOLOGICAL-BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, INDIAN OCEAN SITES 211-269 AND 280-282, DSDP LEGS 22-29......Page 326
Diatoms......Page 328
Pollen and Spores......Page 332
Dinoflagellates and Acritarchs......Page 333
Bivalves......Page 334
Fish Denticles......Page 335
References......Page 336
Review of Initial Reports Information......Page 340
Nannofossil-Bearing Sediment from the Indian Ocean......Page 343
Paleobiogeographic and Paleoecologic Interpretation of Mesozoic Calcareous Nannofossils from the Indian Ocean......Page 344
References......Page 350
Introduction......Page 353
Paleocene to Eocene Calcareous Nannoplankton Distribution in the Geographical Units of the Indian Ocean......Page 355
Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary......Page 364
Biostratigraphic Remarks......Page 365
References......Page 368
I. Environment and Nannoplankton Distribution in the Sediments......Page 370
II. Nannoplankton Distribution......Page 373
III. Discussion of Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy......Page 382
Conclusions......Page 392
References......Page 394
CHAPTER 17. SYNOPSIS OF CRETACEOUS PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE INDIAN OCEAN......Page 397
Western Indian Ocean Site 249......Page 398
Albian of the Eastern Indian Ocean......Page 400
Late Cretaceous of the Eastern Indian Ocean......Page 405
Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography......Page 407
References......Page 411
CHAPTER 18. MAASTRICHTIAN TO EOCENE FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES IN THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN REGION: CORRELATIONS AND HISTORICAL PATTERNS......Page 414
Scope of Review: Sources......Page 416
Maastrichtian Biostratigraphy......Page 418
Paleocene Biostratigraphy......Page 421
Eocene Biostratigraphy......Page 424
Early Tertiary Foraminiferal Succession,Indian and Australian Continental Margins......Page 429
Biofacies in the Indian Ocean: Changes with Time......Page 438
Early Tertiary Stratigraphic Patterns and Events......Page 444
Introduction......Page 456
Oligocene Biostratigraphic Zonation Systems......Page 458
Eastern Indian Ocean Sites......Page 459
Western Indian Ocean Sites......Page 461
Taxonomic Notes......Page 462
References......Page 463
CHAPTER 20. INDIAN OCEAN NEOGENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL BIO-STRATIGRAPHYAND ITS PALEOCEANOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS......Page 465
Introduction......Page 467
Planktonic Zonations......Page 471
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy......Page 479
Paleoceanography and Sediment Accumulation Rates......Page 543
Summary and Conclusions......Page 558
References......Page 565
Viera Scheibnerova......Page 581
Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Foraminifera Leg 27......Page 582
Foraminifera of Aptian and Younger Cretaceous Deposits in the Indian Ocean Legs 22, 25, 26 and 27......Page 583
References......Page 591
CHAPTER 22. NEOGENE DEEP WATER BENTHONIC FORAMINIFERA OF THE INDIAN OCEAN......Page 594
Material and Methods......Page 595
Displaced Fauna......Page 596
Relationship Between Fauna and Depth......Page 597
Brief Paleontological Description of the Sites......Page 600
Benthonic Foraminiferal Species as Stratigraphic Indicators......Page 604
References to Benthonic Foraminifera Cited in Text......Page 607
References......Page 611