In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction to In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
	1.1 Definition of In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
	1.2 A Brief History of In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
	1.3 Modern In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
	1.4 Challenges and Opportunities
	1.5 Concept of This Book
	References
2 Electron Beam Irradiation Effects and In-Situ Irradiation of Nanomaterials
	2.1 A Brief History of In-Situ Electron Irradiation
	2.2 Fundamental Electron Irradiation Effects
		2.2.1 Atom Displacements
		2.2.2 Surface Sputtering
		2.2.3 Electrostatic Charging
		2.2.4 Radiolysis
		2.2.5 Electron Beam Heating
		2.2.6 Electron Beam-Induced Deposition
	2.3 Electron Irradiation-Induced Processes in Nanomaterials
		2.3.1 The Dynamics of Defects Under Electron Beam Irradiation
		2.3.2 Irradiation-Induced Phase Transformations
		2.3.3 Nucleation and Growth of Nanostructures Under Irradiation
		2.3.4 Fabrication of New Structures Under Irradiation
		2.3.5 Deformation of Nanostructures Under Electron Irradiation
	2.4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
3 In-Situ Nanomechanical TEM
	3.1 A Brief History of In Situ Nanomechanical TEM
	3.2 Current In Situ TEM-based Mechanical Testing Techniques
		3.2.1 Thin Film Straining Technique
		3.2.2 TEM Grid Technique
		3.2.3 Thermal-Bimetallic-Based Technique
		3.2.4 MEMS-Based Techniques
		3.2.5 Sequential Fabrication-Testing Technique
	3.3 Typical Applications
		3.3.1 Deformation of Metallic Nanowires
		3.3.2 Deformation of Nanocrystalline Metals
		3.3.3 Deformation at Grain Boundaries
		3.3.4 Deformation Under Elevated Temperature
		3.3.5 Deformation of “Brittle” Materials
	3.4 Outlook
	References
4 In-Situ Heating TEM
	4.1 A Brief History of In-Situ Heating TEM
	4.2 Current In-Situ Heating TEM Technologies
		4.2.1 Operation Mode
		4.2.2 Type of Heating Holders
		4.2.3 Microheaters
		4.2.4 Synergy with Heating
	4.3 Research Based on In-Situ Heating TEM
		4.3.1 Material Growth
		4.3.2 Sublimation and Surface Energy
		4.3.3 Failure Analysis
		4.3.4 Annealing and Phase Transitions
		4.3.5 Catalysis and Battery
		4.3.6 Solid-State Amorphization and Crystallization
		4.3.7 Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cells
	4.4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
5 In-Situ Biasing TEM
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Electrical Measurements
		5.2.1 Field Emission of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanowires
		5.2.2 Quantum Conductance of Au Atomic Chain and MWCNT
		5.2.3 Electrical and Mechanical Coupling
		5.2.4 Ferroelectric Domain Switching
		5.2.5 Resistive Switching
	5.3 Electrothermal Behaviors and Measurements
		5.3.1 Thermal Parameter Measurements
		5.3.2 Joule Heating of Nanocarbon
	5.4 In Situ TEM Nanoelectrochemistry
		5.4.1 IL Cell
		5.4.2 Solid Cell
		5.4.3 In Situ Liquid Cell
	5.5 Perspective
	References
6 In-Situ Optical TEM
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Three Typical Technical Routes for in Situ Optical Experimental Setups
		6.2.1 Based on Light-Path
		6.2.2 Based on the TEM-STM Holder
		6.2.3 Based on in Situ MEMS Chips
	6.3 Applications
		6.3.1 Photocatalyst
		6.3.2 PL and CL
		6.3.3 Photocurrent
	6.4 Future and Opportunities
	References
7 Magnetism In-Situ TEM
	7.1 A Brief History of Magnetism In-Situ TEM
	7.2 Current Technologies of Magnetism In-Situ TEM
		7.2.1 Conventional Imaging Methods in Lorentz TEM
		7.2.2 Electron Holography Technology
		7.2.3 Differential Phase Technology
		7.2.4 Energy-Loss Magnetic Chiral Dichroism in TEM
		7.2.5 Application of Magnetic Field by Objective Lens
		7.2.6 Application of Magnetic Field by Magnetic Holder
	7.3 Research on Magnetism In-Situ TEM
		7.3.1 Traditional Magnetic Materials In Situ TEM
		7.3.2 Magnetic Thin Films In Situ TEM
		7.3.3 Magnetic Nanowires/Particles In Situ TEM
		7.3.4 Magnetic Skyrmion In Situ TEM
		7.3.5 Other Magneto-Related Experiments In Situ TEM
	7.4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
8 In-Situ Liquid Cell TEM
	8.1 A Brief History of In-Situ Liquid Cell TEM
	8.2 Current In-Situ Liquid Cell TEM Technologies
		8.2.1 Static Liquid Cell
		8.2.2 Flow Cell
		8.2.3 Introduction of Multi-Fields to Liquid Cell
	8.3 Research Based on In-Situ Liquid Cell TEM
		8.3.1 Physical Motion
		8.3.2 Nucleation
		8.3.3 Growth
		8.3.4 Etching
		8.3.5 Electrochemistry
		8.3.6 Photocatalysis
		8.3.7 Life Science
	8.4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
9 In-Situ Gas Transmission Electron Microscopy
	9.1 A History of In Situ Gas TEM
	9.2 In Situ Gas TEM Technologies
		9.2.1 Aperture (Opened) Approach
		9.2.2 Window (Closed) Approach
	9.3 Research Based on In Situ Gas TEM
		9.3.1 Reshaping of Nanomaterials
		9.3.2 Redox of Nanomaterials
		9.3.3 Surface Reconstruction and Segregation
		9.3.4 Growth of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials
		9.3.5 The Catalyzation
	9.4 Conclusions and Outlook
		9.4.1 Spatial and Temporal Resolution
		9.4.2 Multiple Stimuli and Characterization Techniques
		9.4.3 Accurate Process Control
	References
10 4D Ultrafast TEM
	10.1 A Brief History of 4D Ultrafast TEM
	10.2 4D Ultrafast Electron Imaging in Space and Time
	10.3 Research Based on 4D Ultrafast TEM
		10.3.1 Phase Transitions
		10.3.2 Oscillation Behavior
		10.3.3 Electron–Phonon Coupling
		10.3.4 Crystal Nucleation and Growth
		10.3.5 Reaction Dynamics
		10.3.6 Dynamics in Liquids
		10.3.7 4D Electron Tomography
		10.3.8 PINEM
		10.3.9 Ultrafast EELS
		10.3.10 Biological Dynamics
		10.3.11 Instrumental Development
	10.4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References