Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics

Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials in Genomics and Epigenomics
	Nanotechnology: A Technological Advancement of the Twenty-First Century
	Genomics and Epigenomics
	Beneficial Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials on Human Life
	Potential Adverse Health Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials
	Conclusions
	References
2 Molecular Impacts of Advanced Nanomaterials at Genomic and Epigenomic Levels
	Introduction
	Classification of NMs
	Absorption and Distribution of NMs
		Inhalation Exposure
		Oral Exposure
		Dermal Exposure
		Circulatory Distribution
		Accumulation of NMs in Organs
	Major Adverse Effects of NMs
	Known Cellular and Nuclear Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles
	Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Effect of NMs
	DNA Methylation
		Histone Modification
		Noncoding RNAs
	Genetic and Genomic Effects of NMs
		Genetic Damage (Genotoxicity)
		Genomic Changes on the Messenger RNA Level
	Conclusion
	References
3 Endocrine Disruptors: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Related Pathways
	Introduction
	Toxic Effects of EDCs on Wildlife and Humans
		EDCs Effects on Wildlife
	Effects During Development
	Delayed Effects
	Transgenerational Effects
	Identification of EDC: Methods
	Genetic Pathways
		Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Assays
	Phosphorylation-Mediated Signaling Pathways of Nuclear Receptors and Other Transcription Factors: Link to EDC
	ER-Signaling Pathways
	Xenoandrogens and Metabolic Syndrome
	AR Signaling Pathways
	Mechanism of ED
		Epigenetic Mechanism
	Methylation and Gene Regulation
	Role of Noncoding RNAs
	Transgenerational Inheritance of Epigenetics Induced by EDCs
	Anti-Thyroids
	Organotin
		Genomic Signaling and Effects
	Epigenetic Effects of Organotin
	TCDD and Related Compounds
	TCDD and Genetic Response
	TCDD-Mediated Epigenetic Response
	Conclusions
	References
4 Nanoplastics in Agroecosystem and Phytotoxicity: An Evaluation of Cytogenotoxicity and Epigenetic Regulation
	Introduction
	Fate and Behavior of NPs in Agroecosystem and Soil Environment
	Uptake and Accumulation of NPs in Plants
	NPs and Phytotoxicity
		Morphological and Physiological Responses
		Biochemical and Metabolic Responses
	Can NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity and Dysregulate Epigenetic Markers in Plants?
		NPs Cause Cytogenotoxicity
	NPs and Epigenetic Regulation
	Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
5 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Epigenetic Effects
	Introduction
	Physicochemical Properties of NMs and Toxicity
	Mechanism of NM Genotoxicity
	Epigenetic Effects of Nanomaterials
	Studies on Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		Titanium Dioxide NPs
		Zinc Oxide NPs
		Silver and Silver Oxide NPs
		Copper and Copper Oxide NPs
		Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles
		Silicon Dioxide NPs
	Graphene-Based NMs
	Studies on Epigenetic Effects of Metal Oxides and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
		Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
		Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
	Studies on Workers – Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Occupational Exposure to Metal Oxides Nanoparticles, SiO2 NPs, and Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
	Conclusions
	References
6 Epigenotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
	Introduction
	Cellular Uptake and Biodistribution
	DNA Methylation and TiO2 Nanoparticles
	Histone Modifications and TiO2 Nanoparticles
	MicroRNAs and TiO2 Nanoparticles
	Risk Assessment
	Conclusion
	Disclaimer
	References
7 Toxicogenomics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
	Introduction
	MWCNTs
	Lung Injury
	Inflammation
	Oxidative Stress
	Fibrosis
	Mesothelioma
	Lung Cancer
	Genotoxicity
	Toxicogenomics of ENMs
	Transcriptomics – Technical Aspects
	Toxicogenomics of MWCNTs – Animal Studies
	Toxicogenomics of MWCNT – Human Studies
	Disclaimer
	References
8 Nano-Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injury
	Introduction
	Nanoparticles in the Treatment of TBI
		Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Mechanisms of Action of Nanoparticles in TBI
		Materials Used for the Synthesis of NPs in TBI Treatment
		Limitations of the Use of NPs in TBI Therapy
	Conclusion
	References
9 Application of Nanoemulsions in Food Industries: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
	Introduction
	Components of Nanoemulsions
		Oil Phase
		Aqueous Phase
		Stabilizers
	Approaches for Nanoemulsion Production
		High-Energy Approaches
		Low-Energy Approaches
		Novel Approach for the Production of Nanoemulsion
	Applications of Food-Grade Nanoemulsions
		Encapsulation of Lipophilic Functional Food
		Expansion of the Functional Food Sector for the Application of Edible Coatings with Lipophilic Bioactive Substances
		Invasion of Nanotechnology and Emulsion in Food Ingredients and Additives
		Purple Rice Bran Oil Nanoemulsion Fortification of Frozen Yogurt
		Formation of Various Phytosomes and Using Them for Delivery in Herbal Products Without Resorting to Pharmacological Adjuvants
		Food Packaging
		Use in Confectionary
	Comparison of Nanoemulsion from Conventional Methods
	Problems and Probable Solutions of Nanoemulsions
	Future Trends and Challenges
	Regulations and Safety Aspects
	Conclusion
	Conflict of Interest
	Acknowledgments
	References
10 Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Engineered Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers
	Introduction
	ENP-Based Drug-Delivery Systems
		Lipid-Based ENPs
		Polymeric ENPs
		Inorganic ENPs
	Adverse Epigenetic Effects of ENPs
		Overview of Epigenetic Toxicity of ENPs
		Epigenetic Toxicity of Metallic ENPs
		Epigenetic Toxicity of Nonmetallic ENPs
	ENP-Induced Epigenetic Toxicity Likely Mediated by ROS
	Conclusion
	References
11 Engineered Nanoparticles Adversely Impact Glucose Energy Metabolism
	Introduction
	Biological Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles
	Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Glucose Metabolism
	Engineered Nanoparticles Alter TCA Cycle
	Engineered Nanoparticles Alter Oxidative Phosphorylation
	Conclusion
	References
12 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Engineered Nanoparticles
	Introduction
	Impact of Nanoparticles on Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Response Heterogeneity
		Overview of Engineered Nanoparticles
		Dose-Dependent Heterogeneous Transcriptomic Responses to Quantum Dots
		TiO2 Nanoparticles of Different Sizes Elicit Heterogeneous Transcriptomic Responses
	AI and ML in scRNA-Seq Data Analysis
		Overview of AI and ML in Bioinformatics
		MRF in Differential Expression Analysis of scRNA-Seq Data
		Deep Learning for Inferring Gene Relationships from scRNA-Seq Data
	Determining Cell Differentiation and Lineage Based on Single-Cell Entropy
	Conclusion
	References
13 Toxicogenomics and Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials
	Introduction
	Genomic Responses to ENMs
	Transcriptomic Responses to ENMs
	Conclusion
	References
14 Carbon Nanotubes Alter Metabolomics Pathways Leading to Broad Ecological Toxicity
	Introduction
	Biomedical Application and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
		Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
		Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
	Metabolomics Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
		A Brief of Metabolomic Techniques Used for CNT Toxicity Profiling
		NMR-Based Metabolomic Profiling
		LC-MS-Based Metabolomic Profiling
	Conclusion
	References
15 Assessment of the Biological Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials Using Mass Spectrometry-Based MultiOmics Approaches
	Introduction
	Applications of MS for the Measurements of Proteins, PTMs, Lipids, and Metabolites
	Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure to Microorganisms
	Multiomics Investigation of ENM Exposure Using In Vitro Cell Culture Models
		Analysis of ENM Toxicity in Liver-Based Cell Models
		Macrophage-Based Studies of ENM Toxicity
		Neuronal Cell Models Reveal Potential Mechanisms of ENM-Induced Neurotoxicity
	Multiomics Studies Reveal Organ-Specific Toxicity at the Organismal Level
		Mechanisms of ENM-Induced Toxicity in the Lung
		Elucidation of Response Pathways Following Ingestion of ENMs
		ENM-Induced Metabolic Changes in the Gut: Involvement of Multiple Biological Systems
		ENM-Induced Metabolic Changes During Embryo Development
		Probing the Relationship Between Particle Size and Toxicity in Whole Animal Systems
	Conclusions and Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	Compliance with Ethical Standards
	References
16 Current Scenario and Future Trends of Plant Nano-Interaction to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses: A Review
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Synthesis of Nanoparticles
		Silver Nanoparticles
		Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles
		Copper Nanoparticles
		Iron Nanoparticles
		Carbon Nanoparticles
		Synthesis of Other Metal Nanoparticles
	Morphophysiological Effects of Nanoparticles on Plant
		Arabidopsis
		Rice
		Soybean
		Wheat
		Other Plants
	Molecular Mechanism Altered by Nanoparticles
		Oxidative Stresses
		Energy Regulation
	Nanoparticles Interaction with Plants
		Nanoparticles Interaction with Soybean
		Nanoparticles Interaction with Wheat
		Nanoparticles Interaction with Other Plants
	Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
17 Latest Insights on Genomic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity
	Introduction
	Mechanisms of Genotoxicity
		Direct Genotoxicity
		Indirect Genotoxicity
	Genomic Consequences of ENM Exposure
		Direct DNA Damage
		Oxidative Damage
		Inflammatory Changes
		Impact on DNA Repair Pathways
	A Primer on Epigenetic Processes
		DNA Methylation
		Histone Modifications
		ncRNAs
	Epigenomic Consequences of ENM Exposure
		Apoptosis
		Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
		Epigenomic Changes and Cancer
		Development and Genomic Imprinting
		Importance of Duration and Dose of Exposure
		Evidence in Humans
		Is There a Need for Epigenetic Testing of ENMs?
	Importance of Properties of ENMs
	Future Perspectives
	References
Index
EULA