Immunohistochemistry in Tumor Diagnostics

Preface
Introduction
Contents
1: Immunohistochemistry in Tumor Diagnosis
	1.1	 Expression Pattern and Diagnostic Pitfalls
	1.2	 Immunohistochemical Pathways for the Diagnosis of Primary Tumors and Metastasis of Unknown Primary Tumors
	1.3	 Common Immunohistochemical Markers, Diagnostic Approach, Pitfalls and Immunoprofiles of Most Common Tumors
	References
2: Immunohistochemical Markers for the Diagnosis of Epithelial Tumors
	2.1	 Cytokeratins
		2.1.1	 Pan-Cytokeratin and Cytokeratin Cocktails
		2.1.2	 Cytokeratin 5
		2.1.3	 Cytokeratin 6
		2.1.4	 Cytokeratin 7
		2.1.5	 Cytokeratin 8
		2.1.6	 Cytokeratin 10
		2.1.7	 Cytokeratin 13
		2.1.8	 Cytokeratin 14
		2.1.9	 Cytokeratin 17
		2.1.10	 Cytokeratin 18
		2.1.11	 Cytokeratin 19
		2.1.12	 Cytokeratin 20
	2.2	 Mucins
		2.2.1	 Epithelial Membrane Antigen
		2.2.2	 Mucin-2
		2.2.3	 Mucin-3
		2.2.4	 Mucin-4
		2.2.5	 Mucin-5AC
		2.2.6	 Mucin-5B
		2.2.7	 Mucin-6
		2.2.8	 Mucin-16
	2.3	 Claudins
		2.3.1	 Claudin-1
		2.3.2	 Claudin-4
		2.3.3	 Claudin-5
		2.3.4	 Claudin-7
		2.3.5	 Claudin-18
	2.4	 Cadherins
		2.4.1	 Epithelial Cadherin
		2.4.2	 Neural Cadherin
		2.4.3	 Cadherin-16
		2.4.4	 Cadherin 17
	2.5	 Miscellaneous Epithelial Markers
		2.5.1	 Epithelial-Specific Antigen
		2.5.2	 Epithelial-Related Antigen
		2.5.3	 p63/p40
		2.5.4	 Carcinoembryonic Antigen
		2.5.5	 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-1
	References
Untitled
3: Markers and Immunoprofile of Pulmonary Tumors and Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Middle and Inner Ear
	3.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Middle and Inner Ear
	3.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Non-small Cell Pulmonary Tumors
	3.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Neuroendocrine Pulmonary Tumors
	3.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Pulmonary Mesenchymal Tumors
	3.5	 Therapy-Related Biomarkers
		3.5.1	 Thyroid Transcription Factor-1
		3.5.2	 Napsin A
		3.5.3	 Surfactant Proteins
		3.5.4	 Neuroendocrine Markers
		3.5.5	 Orthopedia Homeobox Protein
		3.5.6	 Nuclear Protein in Testis
		3.5.7	 Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
		3.5.8	 ROS-Associated Oncogene 1
		3.5.9	 C-Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition Factor
		3.5.10	 Programmed Death-Ligand 1
	References
4: Markers and Immunoprofile of Thymic Epithelial Tumors
	4.1	 Markers for Thymic Epithelium
	4.2	 Markers for Thymic Lymphoid Stroma
	4.3	 Markers for Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors
	4.4	 Therapy-Related Biomarkers
		4.4.1	 PAX-8 and CD117
		4.4.2	 FOXN-1
		4.4.3	 CD205
		4.4.4	 Cytokeratin Profile and Lymphoid Stroma
	References
5: Markers and Immunoprofile of Heart and Pericardial Tumors
	5.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Heart Tumors
6: Markers and Immunoprofile of Tumors of the Oral Cavity, Oropharynx and Salivary Glands
	6.1	 Odontogenic Tumors and Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
		6.1.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Odontogenic Tumors and Tumors of the Oral Cavity
	6.2	 Salivary Gland Tumors
		6.2.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Salivary Gland Tumors
			6.2.1.1	 Markers for Acinar Cells and Acinic Tumors
			6.2.1.2	 Markers for Ductal/Luminal Cells
			6.2.1.3	 Markers for Myoepithelial Cells
			6.2.1.4	 Markers Specific for Salivary Gland Tumors and Genetic Mutations Associated with Salivary Gland Tumors
			6.2.1.5	 Therapy-Related Markers
	6.3	 Cytokeratin Profile
		6.3.1	 Anoctamin-1 (DOG-1)
		6.3.2	 Alpha-Amylase
		6.3.3	 GATA-3
		6.3.4	 Sox-10
		6.3.5	 MYB
	References
7: Markers and Immunoprofile of Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract
	7.1	 Gastrointestinal Epithelial Tumors
		7.1.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Gastrointestinal Carcinoma
		7.1.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors
		7.1.3	 Therapy-Related Markers
			7.1.3.1	 CDX-2
		7.1.4	 SATB-2
		7.1.5	 Cadherin-17
		7.1.6	 Villin
		7.1.7	 Catenins
		7.1.8	 Markers of neuroendocrine tumors are listed in Chap. 14
			7.1.8.1	 HER-2
		7.1.9	 Scoring of HER-2 Expression in Gastric Cancer
			7.1.9.1	 Mismatch Repair Proteins and Microsatellite Instability
	7.2	 Gastrointestinal Mesenchymal Tumors
		7.2.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)
		7.2.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Gastrointestinal Tumors
			7.2.2.1	 CD117
		7.2.3	 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor α
		7.2.4	 DOG-1
		7.2.5	 CD34
		7.2.6	 Succinate Dehydrogenase
	References
8: Markers and Immunoprofile of Pancreatic Tumors
	8.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Exocrine Pancreatic Tumors
	8.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors
		8.2.1	 PDX-1
		8.2.2	 Pancreatic Enzymes (Trypsin, Amylase, and Lipase)
			8.2.2.1	 Trypsin
			8.2.2.2	 Amylases
			8.2.2.3	 Lipase
			8.2.2.4	 CA19–9
			8.2.2.5	 Bcl-10
			8.2.2.6	 Placental S100 (S100P)
			8.2.2.7	 SMAD-4 (DPC4)
			8.2.2.8	 Islet-1
			8.2.2.9	 PAX-6
	References
9: Markers and Immunoprofile of Hepatobiliary Tumors
	9.1	 Hepatocellular Tumors
		9.1.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Hepatocytes and Hepatocellular Tumors
			9.1.1.1	 Hepatocyte Specific Antigen (Hep Par1)
			9.1.1.2	 Arginase-1
			9.1.1.3	 Alpha Fetoprotein
			9.1.1.4	 Bile Salt Export Pump and Multidrug-Resistance Protein 3
			9.1.1.5	 Glypican-3
			9.1.1.6	 Glutamine Synthetase
			9.1.1.7	 Heat-Shock Protein-70
			9.1.1.8	 Immunoprofile of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells
	9.2	 Cholangiocarcinoma
		9.2.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Intra- and Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma
	References
10: Markers and Immunoprofile of Breast Tumors
	10.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Breast Carcinoma
		10.1.1	 Markers for Luminal Cells
		10.1.2	 Markers for Basal/Myoepithelial Cells
		10.1.3	 Therapy-Related Markers
	10.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Fibroepithelial Tumors
	10.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Mesenchymal Tumors
		10.3.1	 GATA-3
		10.3.2	 Mammaglobin
		10.3.3	 Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein 15
		10.3.4	 Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal Syndrome 1 Protein (TRPS-1):
		10.3.5	 NY-Br-1
		10.3.6	 Estrogen Receptor
			10.3.6.1	 Remmele Scoring System
			10.3.6.2	 Calculation of Remmele Score
			10.3.6.3	 McCarty Scoring System
			10.3.6.4	 Allred Scoring System
			10.3.6.5	 Calculation of Allred Score
		10.3.7	 Progesterone Receptor
		10.3.8	 Androgen Receptor
		10.3.9	 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2
			10.3.9.1	 Scoring of HER-2 Expression in Breast Cancer
		10.3.10	 Trophoblast Cell Surface Antigen 2
		10.3.11	 E-Cadherin
		10.3.12	 Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain
		10.3.13	 Assessment of Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma
	References
11: Markers and Immunoprofile of Tumors of Female Reproductive Organs
	11.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of the Vulva and Vagina
	11.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Epithelial Tumors of the Uterine Cervix
	11.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Epithelial Tumors of Uterine Corpus, Fallopian Tube, and Uterine Ligament
	11.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Uterine Mesenchymal Tumors
	11.5	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
		11.5.1	 p16
		11.5.2	 Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1 β
		11.5.3	 Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog
		11.5.4	 Steroid Hormone Receptors
		11.5.5	 Mismatch Repair Proteins, Microsatellite Instability, and Molecular Classification of Endometrioid Carcinoma
		11.5.6	 p53
		11.5.7	 Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein-1
		11.5.8	 GATA-3
		11.5.9	 Human Placental Lactogen
	11.6	 Tumors of the Ovary
		11.6.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Ovarian Epithelial Tumors
		11.6.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
		11.6.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
	11.7	 Therapy-Related Markers
		11.7.1	 Wilms Tumor Protein-1
		11.7.2	 Carbohydrate Antigen 125
		11.7.3	 Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1 β
		11.7.4	 PAX-8
		11.7.5	 Sox-17
		11.7.6	 Folate Receptor
		11.7.7	 FOXL2
		11.7.8	 Adrenal 4 Binding Protein (SF-1)
	References
12: Markers and Immunoprofile of Renal and Urinary Tract Tumors
	12.1	 Renal Tumors
		12.1.1	 Markers for Renal Cell Tumors
		12.1.2	 Markers for Tumors of the Renal Pelvis
		12.1.3	 Therapy-Related Markers
			12.1.3.1	 PAX-8
			12.1.3.2	 PAX-2
			12.1.3.3	 Renal Cell Carcinoma Marker
			12.1.3.4	 CD10
			12.1.3.5	 Paxillin
			12.1.3.6	 Carbonic Anhydrase
			12.1.3.7	 Human Kidney Injury Molecule-1
			12.1.3.8	 Transcription Factor-E3
			12.1.3.9	 Succinate Dehydrogenase
			12.1.3.10	 Fumarate Hydratase
			12.1.3.11	 Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase
			12.1.3.12	 Cadherin-16
			12.1.3.13	 FOXI-1
			12.1.3.14	 Napsin A
			12.1.3.15	 SMARCB-1 (INI-1)
	12.2	 Urinary Tract Tumors
		12.2.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Transitional Cell Carcinoma
		12.2.2	 Therapy-Related Markers
			12.2.2.1	 Uroplakins
			12.2.2.2	 GATA-3
			12.2.2.3	 Placental S100
			12.2.2.4	 Thrombomodulin (CD141)
			12.2.2.5	 Cytokeratin 20 and CD44
	References
13: Markers and Immunoprofile of Male Genital Tract Tumors
	13.1	 Prostatic Tumors
		13.1.1	 Markers for Prostatic Epithelium
		13.1.2	 Markers for Basal Cells
			13.1.2.1	 Prostate-Specific Antigen
			13.1.2.2	 Prostein
			13.1.2.3	 Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
			13.1.2.4	 Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)
			13.1.2.5	 Androgen Receptor
			13.1.2.6	 NKX3.1
			13.1.2.7	 Alpha-methylacyl-CoA Racemase
			13.1.2.8	 ERG
			13.1.2.9	 Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN)
	13.2	 Testicular and Paratesticular Tumors
		13.2.1	 Germ Cell Tumors
		13.2.2	 Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
			13.2.2.1	 SALL-4
			13.2.2.2	 Oct-4
			13.2.2.3	 Placental Alkaline Phosphatase
			13.2.2.4	 Sox-17
			13.2.2.5	 Sox-2
			13.2.2.6	 Podoplanin (D2–40)
			13.2.2.7	 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
			13.2.2.8	 CD30
			13.2.2.9	 Inhibin A
			13.2.2.10	 Anti-Müllerian Hormone
			13.2.2.11	 Adrenal 4 Binding Protein (SF-1)
			13.2.2.12	 Glypican-3
			13.2.2.13	 CDX-2
			13.2.2.14	 GATA-3
			13.2.2.15	 CD56
			13.2.2.16	 Melan A and CD99
	13.3	 Paratesticular Tumors
		13.3.1	 PAX-8 and PAX-2
	References
14: Markers and Immunoprofile of Tumors of Endocrine Organs and Neuroendocrine Tumors
	14.1	 Screening Markers of Neuroendocrine Differentiation
		14.1.1	 Chromogranin A
		14.1.2	 Synaptophysin
		14.1.3	 Insulinoma-Associated Protein 1 (INSM-1)
		14.1.4	 Islet-1
		14.1.5	 CD56
		14.1.6	 Neuron-Specific Enolase
		14.1.7	 Somatostatin Receptor Type 2
		14.1.8	 Serotonin
		14.1.9	 S100
	14.2	 Pituitary Gland Tumors
		14.2.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of the Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
		14.2.2	 Pituitary Hormones
		14.2.3	 Pituitary Transcription Factors
			14.2.3.1	 Pituitary Transcription Factor-1 (PIT-1, PUO1 F1)
			14.2.3.2	 T-box Pituitary Transcription Factor (T-pit, T box 19)
			14.2.3.3	 Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1)
			14.2.3.4	 GATA-2
		14.2.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of the Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
			14.2.4.1	 Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1)
	14.3	 Tumors of the Thyroid Gland
		14.3.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of Follicular Cell Origin
		14.3.2	 Markers for the Evaluation of Malignancy
		14.3.3	 Therapy-Related and Diagnostic Markers
		14.3.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of C Cell Origin
			14.3.4.1	 Thyroglobulin
			14.3.4.2	 Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1)
			14.3.4.3	 Thyroid Transcription Factor 2 (TTF-2)
			14.3.4.4	 PAX-8
			14.3.4.5	 Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA Binding Protein 1 (IGF2BP-1)
			14.3.4.6	 Galectin-3
			14.3.4.7	 HBME-1
			14.3.4.8	 Trophoblastic Cell Surface Antigen 2
			14.3.4.9	 CD44v6
			14.3.4.10	 BRAF
			14.3.4.11	 RAS
			14.3.4.12	 Calcitonin
	14.4	 Tumors of the Parathyroid Gland
		14.4.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Parathyroid Neoplasms
			14.4.1.1	 Parathyroid Hormone
			14.4.1.2	 Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide
			14.4.1.3	 PAX-8, GATA-3, and CD4
	14.5	 Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
		14.5.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
	14.6	 Tumors of the Adrenal Gland
		14.6.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Adrenocortical Tumors
			14.6.1.1	 Adrenal 4 Binding Protein/Steroidogenic Factor-1
			14.6.1.2	 DAX-1
			14.6.1.3	 Inhibin
			14.6.1.4	 Melan A
			14.6.1.5	 CYP11B2
		14.6.2	 Markers and Immunoprofile of Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla and Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
			14.6.2.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Pheochromocytoma and Tumors of Extra-Adrenal Paraganglia
			14.6.2.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Neuroblastoma
				Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (CD56)
				NB84
				Paired Mesoderm Homeobox Protein 2B (PHOX2B)
				GATA-3
	14.7	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for the Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET G1, G2, G3) and Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) (Small and Large Cell Types)
	14.8	 Approach to the Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NET, NEC)
	References
15: Markers and Immunoprofile of Mesothelioma and Tumors of the Peritoneum
	15.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Mesothelial Tumors
	15.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Epithelial Tumors of Müllerian Type
	15.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Smooth Muscle Tumors
	15.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Miscellaneous Primary Peritoneal Tumors
		15.4.1	 Calretinin
		15.4.2	 Thrombomodulin
		15.4.3	 Mesothelin
		15.4.4	 WT-1
		15.4.5	 Podoplanin
		15.4.6	 Glut-1
		15.4.7	 Insulin Like Growth Factor II mRNA-Binding Protein 3
		15.4.8	 BRCA1 Associated Protein 1 (BAP-1)
	15.5	 Management of Effusion Cytology
	References
16: Markers and Immunoprofile of Lymphoid Neoplasms
	16.1	 Screening Markers for Lymphoid Neoplasms
		16.1.1	 CD45
		16.1.2	 Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase
		16.1.3	 CD10
		16.1.4	 CD5
		16.1.5	 CD34
		16.1.6	 Ki-67
	16.2	 Markers and Immunoprofile of B-Cell Neoplasms
		16.2.1	 B-Lineage-Specific Markers
		16.2.2	 Markers for Specific Lymphoma Types
		16.2.3	 Therapy-Related Markers
		16.2.4	 CD19
		16.2.5	 CD20
		16.2.6	 CD22
		16.2.7	 CD23
		16.2.8	 CD79a
		16.2.9	 PAX-5
		16.2.10	 Cyclin D1
		16.2.11	 Sox-11
		16.2.12	 bcl-2
		16.2.13	 bcl-6
		16.2.14	 bcl-10
		16.2.15	 CD11c
		16.2.16	 Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)
		16.2.17	 Immunoglobulin Superfamily Receptor Translocation-1
		16.2.18	 LIM Only Transcription Factor 2
		16.2.19	 Human Germinal Center Associated Lymphoma
		16.2.20	 Lymphoid Enhancer Binding Factor
		16.2.21	 Annexin A1
		16.2.22	 c-myc
		16.2.23	 FOXP1
	16.3	 Markers and Immunoprofile of Plasma Cell Neoplasms
		16.3.1	 Immunohistochemical Markers for Plasma Cell Neoplasms
		16.3.2	 CD38
		16.3.3	 CD138
		16.3.4	 Multiple Myeloma Oncogene 1/IRF4
		16.3.5	 VS38c
		16.3.6	 Kappa and Lambda Light Chains
	16.4	 Markers and Immunoprofile of T-Cell Neoplasms
		16.4.1	 Immunohistochemical Markers for T-Cell Lineage and T-Cell Lymphoma
		16.4.2	 CD2
		16.4.3	 CD3
		16.4.4	 CD4
		16.4.5	 CD7
		16.4.6	 CD8
		16.4.7	 CD30
		16.4.8	 CD43
		16.4.9	 CD103
		16.4.10	 Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
		16.4.11	 T-Cell Leukemia Protein 1 (TCL-1)
		16.4.12	 Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1)
		16.4.13	 T-Cell Receptor (TCR)
		16.4.14	 ICOS
		16.4.15	 CXCL13 (CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 13)
	16.5	 Markers and Immunoprofile of NK-Cell Neoplasms
		16.5.1	 Immunohistochemical Markers for NK-Cell Lymphoma
		16.5.2	 CD56
		16.5.3	 Cytotoxic Molecules (Granzyme B, Perforin, and TIA-1)
		16.5.4	 Perforin
		16.5.5	 Granzyme B
		16.5.6	 TIA-1
	16.6	 Markers and Immunoprofile of Hodgkin Lymphoma
		16.6.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
		16.6.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
		16.6.3	 CD15
		16.6.4	 CD30
		16.6.5	 Fascin
		16.6.6	 Insulin Like Growth Factor II mRNA-Binding Protein 3 (IMP3)
		16.6.7	 STAT-6
	References
17: Markers and Immunoprofile of Myeloid Neoplasms
	17.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Myeloid Neoplasm
	17.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Megakaryoblastic Neoplasm
	17.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Erythroid Neoplasm
		17.3.1	 Myeloperoxidase
		17.3.2	 CD13 (Aminopeptidase N)
		17.3.3	 CD14
		17.3.4	 CD15
		17.3.5	 CD33
		17.3.6	 Glycophorins
		17.3.7	 CD71
		17.3.8	 E-Cadherin
		17.3.9	 CD42b
		17.3.10 CD61
		17.3.11 CD117
	References
18: Markers and Immunoprofile of Mastocytosis
	18.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Mast Cell Tumors
		18.1.1	 Mast Cell Tryptase
		18.1.2	 CD25
		18.1.3	 CD2
		18.1.4	 CD117
		18.1.5	 CD123
		18.1.6	 Toluidine Blue
	References
19: Markers and Immunoprofile of Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasms
	19.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Tumors
		19.1.1	 CD1a
		19.1.2	 CD4
		19.1.3	 CD14
		19.1.4	 CD21
		19.1.5	 CD23
		19.1.6	 CD35
		19.1.7	 CD68
		19.1.8	 CD123
		19.1.9	 CD163
		19.1.10 Langerin
		19.1.11 Fascin
		19.1.12 Clusterin
	References
20: Markers and Immunoprofile of Stroma-Derived Neoplasms of Lymphoid Tissues
	20.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Tumors
		20.1.1	 CXCL13
		20.1.2	 Serglycin
	References
21: Markers and Immunoprofile of Skin Tumors
	21.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Keratinocytic (Epidermal) Tumors
	21.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Sweat Gland Tumors (Apocrine and Eccrine Differentiation)
	21.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Hair Follicle (Pilar) Tumors
	21.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Sebaceous Tumors
		21.4.1	 Adipophilin
		21.4.2	 Lipid Droplet-Associated Protein (Perilipin)
	21.5	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Melanocytic Tumors
	21.6	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Skin Neuroendocrine Tumors/Merkel Cell Carcinoma
	References
22: Markers and Immunoprofile of Melanocytic Tumors
	22.1	 Diagnostic Antibodies for Melanocytic Tumors
	22.2	 Complementary Markers for the Evaluation of Malignant Transformation in Superficial Cutaneous and Mucosal Melanocytic Lesions
	22.3	 Therapy-Related Markers
		22.3.1	 HMB-45
		22.3.2	 Melan A
		22.3.3	 Tyrosinase
		22.3.4	 Sox-10
		22.3.5	 Microphthalmia Transcription Factor
		22.3.6	 PRAME
		22.3.7	 Wilms Tumor Protein (WT-1) and IMP3
		22.3.8	 p16
		22.3.9	 BRAF
		22.3.10 RAS
		22.3.11 Phosphohistone H3
	References
23: Markers and Immunoprofile of Fibroblastic, Myofibroblastic, and Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
	23.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Fibroblastic, Myofibroblastic, and Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
		23.1.1	 Vimentin
		23.1.2	 Procollagen Type I
		23.1.3	 Factor XIIIa
		23.1.4	 STAT-6
		23.1.5	 Mucin-4
	References
24: Markers and Immunoprofile of Muscle Tumors
	24.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Skeletal Muscle Tumors
		24.1.1	 Desmin
		24.1.2	 Myoglobin
		24.1.3	 Myogenin and MyoD1
		24.1.4	 PAX-5
		24.1.5	 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-1
	24.2	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Smooth Muscle Tumors
		24.2.1	 Smooth Muscle Actin
		24.2.2	 h-Caldesmon
		24.2.3	 Calponin
		24.2.4	 Transgelin
		24.2.5	 Smoothelin
		24.2.6	 Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain
	References
25: Markers and Immunoprofile of Vascular and Pericytic (Perivascular) Tumors
	25.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Vascular Tumors
	25.2	 Diagnostic Markers for Lymphatic Endothelial Cells and Lymphangioma
		25.2.1 CD31
		25.2.2 CD34
		25.2.3 Factor VIII (Von Willebrand Factor)
		25.2.4 Erg
		25.2.5 Fli-1
		25.2.6 CD105 (Endoglin)
		25.2.7 Podoplanin
		25.2.8 PROX-1
		25.2.9 Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Hyaluronan Receptor 1 (LYVE-1)
		25.2.10 Glut-1 and WT-1
		25.2.11 Human Herpes Virus Type 8
	References
26: Markers and Immunoprofile of Adipocytic Tumors
	26.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Adipocytic Tumors
		26.1.1	 MDM2
		26.1.2	 CDK4
		26.1.3	 p16
		26.1.4	 DDIT3
	References
27: Markers and Immunoprofile of Peripheral Nerve and Nerve Sheath Tumors
	27.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Peripheral Nerve and Nerve Sheath Tumors
		27.1.1	 Myelin Basic Protein
		27.1.2	 Neurofilaments
		27.1.3	 Protein Gene Product 9.5
		27.1.4	 Sox-10
		27.1.5	 Claudin-1
	References
28: Markers and Immunoprofile of Central Nervous System Tumors
	28.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Glial Tumors
	28.2	 Therapy-Related Markers
		28.2.1	 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
		28.2.2	 Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP 2)
		28.2.3	 Neuronal Nuclear Antigen (NeuN)
		28.2.4	 Oligodendrocyte Lineage Transcription Factor 2 (Olig-2)
		28.2.5	 Alpha-Thalassemia/Mental Retardation Syndrome X-Linked (ATRX)
		28.2.6	 IDH
	28.3	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Choroid Plexus Tumors
		28.3.1	 Kir7.1
		28.3.2	 Podoplanin
	28.4	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Tumors of the Pineal Region
	28.5	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Embryonal Tumors
		28.5.1	 Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX-2)
	28.6	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Meningeal Tumors
29: Markers and Immunoprofile of Ewing Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET) and Ewing-Like Sarcoma Tumors
	29.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Ewing/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors
	29.2	 Ewing Sarcoma
	29.3	 Round Cell Sarcoma with EWSR1-Non-EST Fusions
	29.4	 CIC Rearranged Sarcoma
	29.5	 Sarcoma with BCOR Genetic Alterations
		29.5.1	 CD99
		29.5.2	 Fli-1
		29.5.3	 NKX2.2
		29.5.4	 DAX-1
	References
30: Markers and Immunoprofile of Extraskeletal Osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors
	30.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel for Osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors
		30.1.1	 Osteocalcin
		30.1.2	 Osteonectin
		30.1.3	 Special AT-Rich Sequence-Binding Protein 2 (SATB-2)
		30.1.4	 Sox-9
	References
31: Markers and Immunoprofile of Miscellaneous Tumors and Tumors of Uncertain Differentiation
	31.1	 Diagnostic Antibody Panel
		31.1.1	 Transducer-Like Enhancer of Split 1 (TLE-1)
		31.1.2	 Transcription Factor-E3 (TFE-3)
		31.1.3	 Brachyury
		31.1.4	 SMARCB-1 (INI-1)
	References
32: Immunohistochemistry and Biomarkers for Targeted Tumor Therapy
	32.1	 Mismatch Repair Proteins and Assessment of Microsatellite Instability (MSI)
		32.1.1	 Human Mut L Homolog 1 (MLH1)
		32.1.2	 PMS1 Homolog 2 (PMS2)
		32.1.3	 Human Mut S Homolog 2 (MSH2)
		32.1.4	 Human Mut S Homolog 6 (MSH6)
	32.2	 Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1)
	32.3	 RAS
	32.4	 BRAF
	32.5	 Neurotrophic Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase (NTRK)
	32.6	 Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)
	References
33: Markers to Assist in the Diagnosis of Dysplasia and Malignant Transformation
	33.1	 Ki-67
	33.2	 p53
	33.3	 IMP3
	33.4	 Glut-1
	33.5	 BAP-1
	33.6	 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
	33.7	 CD24
	33.8	 P16
	References
34: Recommendations for the Utility of Immunohistochemical Results in Tumor Diagnosis
Index