Immigration and the Transformation of Europe

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Figures......Page 11
Tables......Page 13
Contributors......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 21
To begin......Page 23
What is special about recent European immigration?......Page 27
The demographic and socio-economic challenge......Page 33
Political disarray and constraints......Page 39
Demography......Page 43
Social integration......Page 44
Political and policy responses......Page 46
Conclusion......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
2 Europe’s immigration challenge in
demographic perspective......Page 52
Dynamic but prudent Europe......Page 53
Europe’s demographic marginalization......Page 54
Ageing Europe......Page 58
Immigrant-receiving Europe......Page 59
Lessons from Europe’s demographic shrinkage......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 63
Introduction......Page 65
Review of earlier research......Page 67
The database......Page 70
Description of migration trends......Page 71
A model of international migration......Page 80
Results......Page 84
Conclusion......Page 88
Appendix Description, definitions and sources of the Basic variables......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 93
Introduction......Page 107
The ECHP......Page 108
The variables......Page 110
The effect of foreign origin across gender......Page 118
Gender differences in demographic variables......Page 122
Earning differences across continents of origin......Page 125
Conclusion......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
Appendix......Page 129
Introduction......Page 133
The impact of migration on wages, employment, and income distribution......Page 134
The effects of migration in closed economies......Page 135
The growth effects of migration......Page 138
The effects of migration in open economies......Page 139
Evidence from econometric studies......Page 140
The economic status of immigrants in Europe......Page 148
The acceptance of immigrants by those who gain and lose from immigration in a society......Page 154
The importance of emigrants’ remittances......Page 155
Will immigration help alleviate the demographic burden?......Page 157
Summary: Economic benefits and costs of immigration for western Europe in the short and long term......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 164
Introduction......Page 169
Composition effects......Page 170
Context effects......Page 172
Data......Page 174
Dependent and independent variables......Page 175
Descriptive analyses......Page 178
Hypotheses testing......Page 181
Conclusion and discussion......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 190
Introduction......Page 194
Immigrants, welfare states, and unemployment regimes......Page 195
Unemployment and income situation amongst immigrants......Page 196
Immigrant population......Page 197
Poverty incidence......Page 200
Unemployment and poverty......Page 202
Unemployment regimes......Page 203
Unemployed versus workless households......Page 205
Incidence of workless households......Page 208
Workless households and poverty......Page 211
The role of means-tested benefits......Page 213
Poverty reduction: The effects of benefits on poverty rates for workless households......Page 214
Conclusion......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 218
Appendix......Page 221
Introduction......Page 222
Data......Page 225
Educational achievement gaps between immigrants and natives......Page 227
Determinants of immigrants’ achievement......Page 233
First-generation and second-generation immigrants and language skills (Model 1)......Page 234
Socioeconomic background (Model 2)......Page 237
Socioeconomic background and school segregation (Model 3)......Page 241
Conclusion......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 247
Appendix......Page 249
Introduction......Page 257
The Turkish second generation in Europe......Page 258
The Turkish second generation compared in five countries......Page 261
Integration policies......Page 262
Differences in outcomes......Page 263
Explaining differences in outcomes......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 267
Introduction......Page 273
The challenge of integration......Page 274
The attempts to nationalize Muslim organizations......Page 275
Charting attempts at nationalization......Page 278
Charting transnational Muslim organization......Page 281
Two phases of strategies in Europe......Page 285
Outsourcing (1974–89)......Page 287
Incorporation (1989–2004)......Page 288
Conclusion......Page 291
REFERENCES......Page 292
11 Migration mobility in European diasporic space......Page 296
Migration, mobility, and settlement......Page 297
The proliferating channels of African migration to Europe......Page 299
The case of Ghanaian migration and mobility......Page 301
Ghanaian migration to Italy......Page 303
Aspiration, choice, and Italy......Page 305
Conclusion......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 316
Introduction......Page 320
Immigration in Europe since 1945......Page 322
From 1945 to 1973–74......Page 323
Since 1973–74......Page 324
Complexification and multiplication of migratory scenarios......Page 327
European immigration policies from 1945 to the present day......Page 329
From the end of World War II to the first oil-crisis......Page 332
Unfinished Europeanization (from 1973–74 to the year 2000)......Page 335
Conclusion: For a proactive immigration policy in the European Union......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 346
Introduction......Page 349
Interests and identities as causes of immigration attitudes......Page 351
How many? Preferred levels of immigration......Page 353
The perceived consequences of immigration......Page 354
Contextual explanations for attitudes......Page 357
Perception and misperception of immigrant levels......Page 360
Beliefs about cultural unity......Page 362
A model of attitudes towards immigration......Page 364
Results......Page 367
Variation across countries......Page 371
Discussion......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 376
Appendix......Page 379
Introduction: The problem......Page 384
How questions of immigration are defined and constructed......Page 386
How political space and arenas of decision-making influence the policy-making process and its outcomes......Page 387
France......Page 388
Britain......Page 390
The United States......Page 393
France......Page 397
Britain......Page 402
The United States......Page 405
Conclusion......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 412
Introduction: Managing migration, managing welfare......Page 415
Migration and European welfare systems......Page 419
The second wave of welfare reform, competition states and managed migration......Page 421
Managing migration in liberal welfare states: The case of the United Kingdom......Page 423
Impact of migrants on the welfare system in the United Kingdom......Page 425
Dealing with migration in a Bismarckian welfare regime: The German case......Page 426
Impact of migrants on the welfare system in Germany......Page 427
Dealing with migration in the Scandinavian welfare regime: The case of Sweden......Page 429
Impact of migrants on the welfare system in Sweden......Page 431
Dealing with migration in the southern welfare regime: The Italian case......Page 432
The state management of migration and welfare......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 438
Introduction......Page 441
The evolution of a European Union immigration regime......Page 443
Third-country nationals and the European Court of Justice......Page 448
The Commission and the Long-Term Residents Directive......Page 454
Conclusion......Page 460
REFERENCES......Page 461
Introduction......Page 464
Setting the scene: Forced migration and public policy......Page 466
Economic factors......Page 471
Historical ties, networks, and path dependency......Page 472
Geography......Page 473
Deterrence policy......Page 474
Dependent variable......Page 475
Explanatory variables......Page 476
Model estimation......Page 481
Economic pull factors......Page 483
Historic factors/networks......Page 484
Deterrence......Page 485
Discussion......Page 486
Conclusion......Page 490
REFERENCES......Page 491
Index......Page 495