Imaging and Technology in Urology. Principles and Clinical Applications

Front Matter....Pages i-xvi
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Principles of X-Ray Production and Radiation Protection....Pages 3-5
How to Perform a Clinical Radiograph and Use a C-Arm....Pages 7-9
Contrast Agents....Pages 11-13
How to Do an IVU....Pages 15-17
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)....Pages 19-22
The Physics of Ultrasound....Pages 23-26
How to Ultrasound a Suspected Renal Mass....Pages 27-30
How to Ultrasound a Painful Testis and a Testicular Mass....Pages 31-35
How to Perform a Transrectal Ultrasound Scan and Prostate Biopsy....Pages 37-41
How to Manage a Hydronephrotic Kidney....Pages 43-47
Principles of Computed Tomography (CT)....Pages 49-51
How to Do a CT Urogram (CTU)....Pages 53-56
How to Do a CT in a Patient with Presumed Upper Tract Trauma....Pages 57-60
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)....Pages 61-65
How to Do an MRI of the Pelvis....Pages 67-71
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)....Pages 73-75
Vascular Embolisation Techniques in Urology....Pages 77-81
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Radionuclides and Their Uses in Urology....Pages 85-88
Counting and Imaging in Nuclear Medicine....Pages 89-91
Principles of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanning....Pages 93-96
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
How to Do a Renogram....Pages 97-100
How to Do a Diuresis Renogram....Pages 101-104
How to Do a DMSA Scan....Pages 105-108
How to Do a Radioisotope Glomerular Filtration Rate Study....Pages 109-112
How to Do a Bone Scan....Pages 113-116
How to Do a Transplant Renogram....Pages 117-119
Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Penile Cancer....Pages 121-123
Front Matter....Pages 125-125
Urinalysis....Pages 127-130
Principles of Urine Microscopy and Microbiological Culture....Pages 131-134
Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)....Pages 135-139
Metabolic Assessment of Urinary Tract Stones....Pages 141-144
Principles of Pressure Measurement....Pages 145-147
Principles of Measurement of Urinary Flow....Pages 149-152
How to Carry Out a Videocystometrogram (VCMG)....Pages 153-156
The Whitaker Test....Pages 157-160
Sphincter Electromyography (EMG)....Pages 161-165
Tumour Markers....Pages 167-170
Urine Cytology....Pages 171-174
Histopathological Processing, Staining, and Immuno-histochemistry....Pages 175-177
Front Matter....Pages 179-179
Principles of Urological Endoscopes....Pages 181-184
Front Matter....Pages 179-179
Rigid Endoscope Design....Pages 185-187
Light Sources, Light Leads, and Camera Systems....Pages 189-192
Peripherals for Endoscopic Use....Pages 193-196
Peripherals for Laparoscopic Use....Pages 197-200
Peripherals for Mechanical Stone Manipulation....Pages 201-203
Contact Lithotripters....Pages 205-208
Endoscopic Use of Laser Energy....Pages 209-214
Double J Stents and Nephrostomy....Pages 215-218
Urinary Catheters, Design, and Usage....Pages 219-222
Prostatic and Urethral Stents....Pages 223-227
Urological Prosthetics....Pages 229-233
Meshes in Stress Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse....Pages 235-237
Biological Meshes....Pages 239-242
Principles of Tissue Transfer in Urology....Pages 243-248
Theatre Design and Patient Safety....Pages 249-252
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) Prevention....Pages 253-256
Principles of Decontamination....Pages 257-260
Operative Tissue Destruction....Pages 261-263
Sutures and Clips....Pages 265-268
Monopolar Diathermy....Pages 269-272
Front Matter....Pages 179-179
Bipolar Diathermy....Pages 273-275
Alternatives to Electrosurgery....Pages 277-279
Haemostatic Agents, Sealants, and Adhesives....Pages 281-286
Irrigation Fluids and Their Hazards....Pages 287-290
Insufflants and Their Hazards....Pages 291-294
Laparoscopic Ports....Pages 295-298
Setting up a Robot....Pages 299-303
Front Matter....Pages 305-305
Neuromodulation by Sacral Nerve Stimulation....Pages 307-310
Principles of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL)....Pages 311-314
How to Carry Out Shockwave Lithotripsy....Pages 315-317
Prostatic Hyperthermia....Pages 319-322
Ablative Therapies: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), Cryotherapy, and Radio-Frequency Ablation (RFA)....Pages 323-326
Principles of Radiotherapy....Pages 327-331
Electro-Motive Drug Administration (EMDA)....Pages 333-335
Front Matter....Pages 337-337
Principles of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)....Pages 339-342
Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis....Pages 343-346
Haemodialysis....Pages 347-350
Principles of Renal Transplantation....Pages 351-354
Front Matter....Pages 355-355
Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs)....Pages 357-360
Health Technology Assessment....Pages 361-364
Back Matter....Pages 365-385