IEEE The Electric Power Engineering Handbook 03D Transformers

References......Page 0
References......Page 2
Angular Displacement of Three-Phase Transformers......Page 3
Three-Phase Transformer Connections......Page 4
Double Wound ransformers......Page 5
Interconnected Star and Grounding ransformers......Page 6
Paralleling of Transformers......Page 7
System Perspective, Single Transformer......Page 8
Voltage Input......Page 9
Regulation of the Voltage at the Bus......Page 10
Regulation of the Voltage at the Load......Page 12
LTC Control with Power Factor Correction Capacitors......Page 14
Voltage Limit Control......Page 15
Reverse Power Flow......Page 16
The Need for Special Control Considerations......Page 17
Deyned Paralleling Procedures......Page 18
Paralleling Transformers with Mismatched Impedance......Page 20
Nameplate Ratings......Page 22
Thermal Proyles......Page 23
Temperature Measurements......Page 24
Predicting Thermal Response......Page 25
Load Cyclicality......Page 26
Science of Transformer Loading......Page 27
Water in Transformers Under Load......Page 28
Voltage Regulation......Page 29
Loading Recommendations......Page 31
3.12 Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels......Page 32
Sound Intensity Level......Page 33
Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Level Relationship......Page 34
Sound Intensity Measurements......Page 35
Sources of Sound in Transformers......Page 36
Transformer Connections During Test......Page 37
Principal Radiating Surface for Measurements......Page 38
Sound Intensity Measurements......Page 40
Calculation of Sound Power Level......Page 41
Load Current and Voltage Harmonics......Page 42
Acoustical Resonance......Page 43
According to Insulating Media on Ends......Page 44
According to Construction......Page 45
According to Insulation Inside Bushing......Page 48
Bushing Standards......Page 49
Conductor Size and Material......Page 50
Insulators......Page 51
Oil Reservoir......Page 52
Bushing Current Transformer Pockets......Page 53
Categories of Tests......Page 54
Dielectric Tests......Page 55
Thermal Tests......Page 56
3.14 Load Tap Changers (LTCs)......Page 57