IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

Title Page......Page 1
Introduction......Page 5
Participants......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 11
1.2 Industrial plants......Page 17
1.3 Industry Applications Society (IAS)......Page 21
1.4 Professional registration......Page 22
1.6 Codes and standards......Page 23
1.7 Handbooks......Page 26
1.8 Periodicals......Page 27
1.10 Safety......Page 28
1.12 Design considerations......Page 31
1.13 Estimating......Page 35
1.14 Contracts......Page 36
1.16 Contractor performance......Page 37
1.19 Electronic systems......Page 38
1.21 Bibliography......Page 40
2.3 Basic design considerations......Page 43
2.4 Planning guide for the supply and distribution system......Page 47
2.5 Power system modernization and evaluation studies/programs......Page 72
2.6 References......Page 74
2.7 Bibliography......Page 75
3.1 General......Page 77
3.2 Voltage control in electric power systems......Page 82
3.3 Voltage selection......Page 94
3.4 Voltage ratings for low-voltage utilization equipment......Page 97
3.5 Effect of voltage variations on low-voltage and medium-voltage utilization equipment......Page 98
3.6 Voltage drop considerations in locating the low-voltage secondary distribution system power source......Page 102
3.7 Improvement of voltage conditions......Page 103
3.8 Phase-voltage unbalance in three-phase systems......Page 105
3.9 Voltage sags and flicker......Page 107
3.10 Harmonics......Page 111
3.11 Calculation of voltage drops......Page 112
3.12 References......Page 123
3.13 Bibliography......Page 124
4.2 Sources of fault current......Page 125
4.3 Fundamentals of short-circuit current calculations......Page 128
4.4 Restraints of simplified calculations......Page 131
4.5 Detailed procedure......Page 140
4.6 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a power system with several voltage levels......Page 154
4.7 Example of short-circuit current calculation for a low-voltage system (under 1000 V)......Page 174
4.9 References......Page 186
4.10 Bibliography......Page 187
Annex 4A—Typical impedance data for short-circuit studies......Page 189
5.1 Purpose......Page 201
5.2 Analysis of system behavior and protection needs......Page 203
5.3 Protective devices and their applications [B23], [B42], [B65]......Page 208
5.4 Performance limitations......Page 238
5.5 Principles of protective relay application [B23], [B43], [B65]......Page 239
5.6 Protection requirements......Page 254
5.7 Use and interpretation of time-current coordination curves......Page 266
5.8 Specific examples—applying the fundamentals......Page 276
5.9 Acceptance testing (commissioning), maintenance, and field testing......Page 297
5.10 Bibliography......Page 320
6.1 Nature of the problem......Page 327
6.2 Traveling-wave behavior......Page 331
6.3 Insulation voltage withstand characteristics......Page 338
6.4 Arrester characteristics and ratings......Page 346
6.5 Arrester selection......Page 352
6.6 Selection of arrester class......Page 354
6.7 Application concepts......Page 356
6.8 References......Page 371
6.9 Bibliography......Page 373
7.2 System grounding......Page 379
7.3 Equipment grounding......Page 386
7.4 Static and lightning protection grounding......Page 391
7.5 Connection to earth......Page 395
7.6 Ground resistance measurement......Page 399
7.8 Bibliography......Page 405
8.1 General scope......Page 409
8.2 Current and power flow fundamentals......Page 410
8.3 Benefits of power-factor improvement......Page 413
8.4 Typical plant power factor......Page 418
8.5 Instruments and measurements for power-factor studies......Page 420
8.6 Techniques to improve the power factor......Page 421
8.7 Calculation methods for improving power factor......Page 426
8.8 Location of reactive power supply......Page 427
8.9 Capacitors with induction motors......Page 428
8.10 Capacitor standards and operating characteristics......Page 438
8.11 Controls for switched capacitors......Page 441
8.12 Transients and capacitor switching......Page 443
8.13 Protection of capacitors and capacitor banks......Page 451
8.14 Resonance and harmonics......Page 453
8.15 Inspection and field testing of power capacitors......Page 454
8.16 References......Page 456
8.17 Bibliography......Page 458
9.2 Importance of understanding effects of harmonics......Page 459
9.3 History of harmonic problems and solutions......Page 460
9.4 Definition and sources of harmonic currents and voltages......Page 461
9.5 Characteristics of harmonics......Page 463
9.6 Static power converter theory......Page 465
9.7 System response characteristics......Page 471
9.8 Effects of harmonics......Page 474
9.9 Harmonic analysis......Page 482
9.10 Mitigation techniques......Page 483
9.11 Industry standards......Page 487
9.12 Bibliography......Page 489
10.1 Introduction......Page 491
10.2 Switching apparatus for power circuits......Page 494
10.3 Switchgear......Page 508
10.4 Transformers......Page 519
10.5 Unit substations......Page 535
10.6 Motor control equipment......Page 537
10.7 Adjustable speed drives......Page 545
10.8 Bibliography......Page 548
11.1 Introduction......Page 552
11.3 Switchboard and panel instruments......Page 555
11.4 Portable instruments......Page 557
11.5 Recording instruments......Page 558
11.6 Miscellaneous instruments......Page 559
11.7 Meters......Page 560
11.8 Auxiliary devices......Page 564
11.9 Typical installations......Page 566
11.10 Bibliography......Page 567
12.1 Introduction......Page 568
12.2 Cable construction......Page 569
12.3 Cable outer finishes......Page 581
12.4 Cable ratings......Page 585
12.5 Installation......Page 594
12.6 Connectors......Page 601
12.7 Terminations......Page 607
12.8 Splicing devices and techniques......Page 616
12.9 Grounding of cable systems......Page 620
12.10 Protection from transient overvoltage......Page 621
12.11 Testing......Page 622
12.12 Locating cable faults......Page 628
12.14 References......Page 632
12.15 Bibliography......Page 634
13.2 Busway construction......Page 636
13.3 Feeder busway......Page 638
13.4 Plug-in busway......Page 639
13.5 Lighting busway......Page 641
13.7 Standards......Page 642
13.8 Selection and application of busways......Page 643
13.9 Layout......Page 649
13.10 Installation......Page 650
13.12 Busways over 600 V (metal-enclosed bus)......Page 652
13.13 References......Page 654
14.1 Introduction......Page 656
14.2 Finding energy conservation opportunities......Page 657
14.3 The energy management process......Page 658
14.4 Calculation energy savings......Page 661
14.5 Load management......Page 668
14.6 Efficiencies of electrical equipment......Page 670
14.7 Metering......Page 673
14.8 Lighting......Page 675
14.9 Cogeneration......Page 684
14.11 Summary......Page 685
14.12 Bibliography......Page 687
15.1 Introduction......Page 690
15.2 Planning stage......Page 693
15.3 Design stage......Page 704
15.4 Construction stage......Page 712
15.5 Operating stage......Page 714
15.6 Bibliography......Page 715
16.2 Information required......Page 718
16.5 Classes of estimates......Page 719
16.7 Installation costs......Page 720
16.9 Example......Page 721
16.10 Bibliography......Page 722
Annex 16A—Selected sources for cost-estimating information......Page 734
Annex A—Power system device function numbers......Page 736
Index......Page 744