IEC 61850 Principles and Applications to Electric Power Systems

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
1 IEC 61850 as an Enabler to Meet Power System Challenges
	1.1 The Changing Power System and Related Drivers
		1.1.1 Changes in Society
		1.1.2 Environmental Change
		1.1.3 Technology Change
		1.1.4 Social Change
		1.1.5 Changing Power Systems and Energy Sector
	1.2 Resulting Power System Challenges
		1.2.1 Climate Change Challenges
		1.2.2 Technology Change Challenges
		1.2.3 Challenges from Social and Societal Change
		1.2.4 Utility Challenges
		1.2.5 CIGREs Ten Issues to Address for Network Supply System of the Future [1]
	1.3 Features of IEC 61850 that Facilitate Solutions to Meet the Challenges
		1.3.1 Protection, Automation and Control to Address Both Emerging and Traditional Challenges
		1.3.2 General Features of the IEC 61850 Standard
		1.3.3 General Advantages of IEC 61850 Compared with Other Standards
		1.3.4 Summary of Applications, Features and Advantages of Applying IEC 61850 Schemes
	References
2 Introduction to IEC 61850 Systems
	2.1 What is IEC 61850
	2.2 Overview of the IEC 61850 Series Concept
	2.3 Some Basic Concepts
	2.4 Brief History
	2.5 Compliance
		2.5.1 Editions and Amendments
		2.5.2 Forward and Backward Edition/Amendment Compliance Compatibility
	2.6 The Need for Expertise—Training
References
3 IEC 61850 User Specifications, Standards and End-Users
	3.1 Specification Standards [1]
		3.1.1 Process Interface Functions
		3.1.2 Protection Functions
		3.1.3 Control Functions
		3.1.4 Automation Functions
		3.1.5 Monitoring Functions
		3.1.6 Recording Functions
		3.1.7 Reporting Functions
		3.1.8 Communications Functions
	3.2 Specification Process [2]
		3.2.1 Standard Scheme—Template
		3.2.2 Standard Scheme—Defined
		3.2.3 Standard Scheme—Applied
		3.2.4 Standard Scheme—Instantiated
	3.3 Specification Tools [3]
		3.3.1 System Configuration Language (SCL)
		3.3.2 SCL Files
		3.3.3 System Specification Tool (SST)
	3.4 Documentation [2]
		3.4.1 Standard Scheme—Template
		3.4.2 Standard Scheme—Defined
		3.4.3 Standard Scheme—Applied
		3.4.4 Standard Scheme—Instantiated
	3.5 End-to-End Users Groups
		3.5.1 UCA International Users Group
		3.5.2 ENTSO-E
		3.5.3 IEC TC 57 WG 10 IEC 61850 User Feedback Task Force
		3.5.4 IEEE PES PSRCC IEC 61850 User Feedback Task Force
		3.5.5 IEC 61400 USE61400-25—Wind User Group
	References
4 IEC 61850 Communication Architectures and Services
	4.1 Protection Automation and Control Systems Communication Architecture
	4.2 Network Architecture 
		4.2.1 Single Ring
		4.2.2 Two Rings
	4.3 Services Mapped to Concrete Communication Protocols 
	4.4 General Requirements for Services
		4.4.1 Redundancy Implementation for Networks
		4.4.2 Latency Implications for Networks
		4.4.3 Transient Immunity for Networks
	4.5 Implementation of Services Related to IEC 61850 
	4.6 Available Services 
		4.6.1 Services and Open Systems Interconnection
		4.6.2 SCADA-related Services
		4.6.3 Protection and Control Services
	4.7 Example of Communication Network 
		4.7.1 Communication Networks for Protection, Automation and Control System (PACS) with Process Bus [23]
		4.7.2 Future Protection, Automation and Control System Communication Architectures [28]
	References
5 Time Synchronisation for IEC 61850 Systems
	5.1 Timing Requirements
		5.1.1 Time-Related Requirements in IEC 61850
		5.1.2 Time in the IEC 61850 Model
		5.1.3 Time Synchronisation Concept
		5.1.4 Time Synchronisation Accuracy Classes
		5.1.5 Indicating Time Synchronisation Accuracy
		5.1.6 Synchronisation 
	5.2 Methods for Time Synchronisation
		5.2.1 Global Primary Reference Sources
		5.2.2 Contemporary Time Synchronisation Methods
		5.2.3 Legacy Time Synchronisation Methods
		5.2.4 General Requirements for the Local Master Clock
		5.2.5 Network Architecture Considerations
	5.3 Time Synchronisation Redundancy
		5.3.1 GNSS
	5.4 Practical Implementations of Time Synchronisation
		5.4.1 Case Studies of Time Synchronisation
	5.5 Performance Testing of Time Synchronisation Systems
		5.5.1 Application Tests
		5.5.2 Application Testing Tools
		5.5.3 System Tests
References
6 Cybersecurity Integration with  IEC 61850 Systems
	6.1 Cybersecurity Imperatives
		6.1.1 The Onset of Advanced Persistent Threats
		6.1.2 Time on Target Doctrine
		6.1.3 Fundamental Response Strategies
	6.2 Understanding Cyber-Physical Security Issues
		6.2.1 Focus on Maturity Assessment Challenges
		6.2.2 How Utilities Address APT Challenges
		6.2.3 Security Testing Needs Attention
	6.3 Leveraging IEC 61850 for Early Threat Detection
		6.3.1 Understanding the Kill Chain
		6.3.2 Data Fusion in IEC 61850 Systems
		6.3.3 New Crypto-Based Technologies for IEC 61850 Systems
		6.3.4 Understanding Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
		6.3.5 Extended Access Control Mechanisms
		6.3.6 Security Requirements for Remote Services
		6.3.7 The Need for Security-Smart PACS Data Objects
		6.3.8 Digital Certificate Management
		6.3.9 Leveraging Self-Protecting Data Objects
	6.4 Security Implementation in R-SV and R-GOOSE
		6.4.1 Message Security
		6.4.2 Key Distribution Centre—KDC
		6.4.3 IEC 61850 Client–Server Security
		6.4.4 Role-Based Access Control—RBAC
	6.5 Conclusions (Call to Action)
		6.5.1 Top 6 CPS Actions to Protect IEC 61850 PACS
		6.5.2 Future Study Topics and Objectives
References
7 Planning and Design for IEC 61850 Implementation
	7.1 Planning to Implement an IEC 61850 Solution
		7.1.1 Impacts on Yard Equipment and Control Room
		7.1.2 Impacts on the Utilities
	7.2 Designing an IEC-61850-Based Solution
		7.2.1 Project Steps and Definitions
		7.2.2 Selection of Functionalities
		7.2.3 Definition of Requirements
		7.2.4 Definition of the Communication Network
		7.2.5 Network Requirements
		7.2.6 Time Synchronisation
		7.2.7 Certification and Homologation Requirements
		7.2.8 Definition of Cybersecurity Solution
	7.3 Installation
	7.4 Definition of Commissioning Plan
	7.5 Maintenance Aspects at the Specification
	7.6 Decommissioning
	References
8 Implementation for IEC 61850 Functional Schemes
	8.1 General Recommendations for IEC 61850 Functional Schemes [1]
		8.1.1 Semantics of Logic
		8.1.2 Logical Device Grouping/Hierarchy
		8.1.3 Instance Modelling
		8.1.4 Optimising Data sets: PTRC
	8.2 RTE Substation Protection Automation and Control Systems IEC 61850 Model [5]
		8.2.1 Communication with the Power System Control
		8.2.2 Tripping Order of Protection Functions
		8.2.3 Protection Function Exemplar: Passive Load Feeder Protection (LDPAP)
		8.2.4 Substation Automation Exemplar: Overload Management Function (LDADA)
		8.2.5 Process Interface Functional Exemplar: Circuit Breaker Interface (LDDJ)
	8.3 IEC 61850-Based Substation SCADA/Automation Platform Application Exemplar [6]
	8.4 Transparent Interlocking Via IEC 61850 Interlocking [7]
	8.5 IEC 61850 Primary Distribution Substation Functional Application Exemplar: Automatic Bus Transfer Scheme [8]
		8.5.1 Overall Functional Scheme Design Philosophy
		8.5.2 Functional Protection and Automation Scheme Design
References
9 Testing of IEC 61850 System Solutions
	9.1 Data Flow Management of Ethernet-Based Networks [1]
		9.1.1 Considerations for VLANs
	9.2 Considerations for Network Reliability and Testing [1]
		9.2.1 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1w RSTP)
		9.2.2 Parallel Redundancy Protocol (IEC 62439-3 PRP)
		9.2.3 High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (IEC 62439-3 HSR)
		9.2.4 Combined PRP and HSR Networks
		9.2.5 Network Bandwidth Considerations
	9.3 Features in IEC 61850 Related to Testing [1]
		9.3.1 Test Features Defined in IEC 61850
	9.4 Application and Implementation of IEC 61850 Test Features [1]
		9.4.1 Use of Simulation
		9.4.2 Case of Heterogeneous Quality Attributes in Input Data
	9.5 Support of Testing-Related Features [1]
	9.6 Requirements for Testing Tools [1]
		9.6.1 Requirements for the Device Injecting Test Signals
		9.6.2 Implementation Considerations for the Test System
		9.6.3 Features Required to Support Remote Testing
	9.7 Test Methodology and Assessment [1]
		9.7.1 Black Box Testing
		9.7.2 White Box Testing
		9.7.3 Top-Down Testing
		9.7.4 Bottom-Up Testing
		9.7.5 Positive and Negative Testing
	9.8 Testing and Security [1]
	9.9 Installation Test
References
10 Vendor Interoperability of IEC 61850 Systems
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Interoperability
		10.2.1 Interoperability Versus Interchangeability
	10.3 Standardisation Committees and Working Groups Enhancing IEC 61850 Interoperability
	10.4 Business Case for Multi-vendor Interoperability
		10.4.1 Functional Requirements
		10.4.2 Regulatory Requirements
		10.4.3 Serviceability
	10.5 Role of Standardisation in Ensuring Multi-vendor Interoperability
	10.6 Ensuring Interoperability Through System Specifications 
		10.6.1 Multi-vendor Engineering Environment and Single System Model Across the Life Cycle
	10.7 System Configuration
		10.7.1 SCD Engineering
		10.7.2 GOOSE Engineering
		10.7.3 Report Engineering
	10.8 Interoperability Requirements for Testing and Commissioning
	10.9 Interoperability Requirements for Operation and Maintenance
		10.9.1 Monitoring Requirements
	10.10 Backward Compatibility
		10.10.1 Upgrading of System Software
		10.10.2 Communication Network Interoperability
		10.10.3 Replacement of IEDs
	10.11 Review of Miscellaneous Aspects of Multi-Vendor Installations
		10.11.1 Architecture: HSR and PRP
		10.11.2 Data Streams and Functional Interoperability
		10.11.3 LPITs, Merging Units and IEDs
		10.11.4 Time Synchronisation
	10.12 Tools
		10.12.1 Engineering Design and Configuration Tools
		10.12.2 Testing and Commissioning Tools
	10.13 User Case Studies
		10.13.1 SP Energy Networks Project FITNESS
		10.13.2 LANDSNET Iceland, Digital Substations
References
11 CT/VT Sampled Value Acquisition Applied to IEC 61850
	11.1 Evolution of Sampled Value CT/VT Definitions and Configurations
		11.1.1 Interim Guideline IEC 61850-9-2LE
		11.1.2 IEC 61869-9 Standard
	11.2 Additional Important Facts Related to Sampled Values and IEC 61869-9 Standard
		11.2.1 General on Complete Digital Acquisition Chain
		11.2.2 Some Specific Characteristics of Different Instrument Transformers
		11.2.3 Frequency Dependence and Bode Diagram
		11.2.4 Dynamic Ranges for Measured Currents and Voltages
	11.3 Future Challenges
		11.3.1 Needs of High Frequency-Based Directional Earth Fault Protection
		11.3.2 Travelling Wave Protection
		11.3.3 Required Protection Operating Time
	References
12 Process bus Applications in  IEC 61850
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Protection, Automation and Control System with Station bus and Process bus
	12.3 Process bus Structures [7]
		12.3.1 Process bus Using HSR and PRP Architecture 
		12.3.2 Process bus Using PRP Architecture
		12.3.3 Choice Between PRP and HSR [7]
		12.3.4 Process bus Using Direct Link Architecture
		12.3.5 Software Defines Process bus Networks [17]
	12.4 Advantages and Drawbacks
	12.5 Process bus Sampled Values Other Than CT and VT
	12.6 Recommendations
	References
13 Wide Area Implementations of IEC 61850 Substation Systems
	13.1 Synchrophasors
	13.2 Synchrophasor Calculation Window
	13.3 Synchrophasor Communication
	13.4 IEC 61850 Routable Sample Values and Routable GOOSE
		13.4.1 Session Header
		13.4.2 Synchro Logical Nodes
		13.4.3 Synchrophasor Time Stamp
	13.5 Applications: R-GOOSE
		13.5.1 Remedial Action
		13.5.2 Multi-Terminal Transfer Trip
		13.5.3 Demand Side Management
		13.5.4 Direct Load Control/Surgical Load Shed
		13.5.5 Transactional Energy
	13.6 Applications: R-SV
		13.6.1 State Estimation through Multicast Synchrophasor Delivery
		13.6.2 Frequency Network—FNet
		13.6.3 Synchrophasor-Based Fault Location
		13.6.4 Broken Wire Detection
		13.6.5 Oscillation Monitoring
	References
14 IEC 61850 for SCADA Applications
	14.1 General Considerations
	14.2 Local SCADA Implementation
	14.3 SCADA and IEC 61850 Standard
	14.4 SCADA Communication
	14.5 Management of SCADA System
	14.6 Remote Systems
	14.7 Cybersecurity Aspects
References
15 Maintenance and Asset Management for IEC 61850 Systems
	15.1 General Introduction and Scope
	15.2 Asset Management and Maintenance Strategies
		15.2.1 Roles and Responsibilities
		15.2.2 Knowledge in System and Component Assets of IEC 61850 PACS
		15.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Tasks
		15.2.4 Remote Operation Capability
	15.3 Information Management
		15.3.1 Information Assets
		15.3.2 Documentation
	15.4 Risk Management
		15.4.1 Maintenance Management
		15.4.2 Obsolescence Management
		15.4.3 Change Management, Fault Tracing and Time to Repair of Faulty Equipment
		15.4.4 Spare Parts Management
	15.5 Performance Management
	15.6 Maintenance Testing
		15.6.1 Reasons for Testing IEC 61850 PACS in Operation
		15.6.2 Tools for Maintenance and Testing
		15.6.3 Use Case Example: Fault Diagnostics in the PACS After an Erroneous Breaker Failure Protection Trip
References
16 Applying IEC 61850 Applications Beyond Substations
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Electric Traction Systems
		16.2.1 Overview of Electric Traction Systems
		16.2.2 Replacement of Conventional AC Traction PACS
		16.2.3 Application to Enhanced Interlocking
		16.2.4 Application to Traction Wide-Area PACS
		16.2.5 Application to DC Traction Systems
		16.2.6 Advanced IEC 61850 Traction System Performance Monitoring
		16.2.7 Future IEC 61850 Traction Substations—Rationalised Electrification
	16.3 Hydropower Plants
		16.3.1 Practical Application of IEC 61850 in Hydro Power Plants
	16.4 Wind Power Plants
		16.4.1 The Wind Information Model, IEC 61400-25
		16.4.2 History
		16.4.3 Difference Between 61850 Systems and Wind Power Systems
		16.4.4 Modelling Approach of the Wind Information Model
		16.4.5 Future Outlook
	16.5 Distributed Energy Resources
		16.5.1 Introduction
		16.5.2 Photovoltaic Applications
		16.5.3 Battery Storage
		16.5.4 Fuel Cell Storage
		16.5.5 Ultra-Capacitor Storage
	16.6 Electric Vehicles
		16.6.1 Electric Road Vehicle Applications
		16.6.2 Existing IEC 61850 Integration
		16.6.3 Vehicle-To-Grid
	16.7 HVDC Systems
	16.8 Future Novel Network Integration
References
17 Conclusions
	17.1 Overview
	17.2 Summary
		17.2.1 Needs, Benefits and Concepts
		17.2.2 User Specification, Architecture and Services
		17.2.3 Time Synchronisation and Cybersecurity Aspects
		17.2.4 Planning and Design
		17.2.5 System Implementation and Testing
		17.2.6 Sampled Value and Process Bus Applications
		17.2.7 Inter-substation and SCADA Applications
		17.2.8 Maintenance and Asset Management of IEC 61850 Systems
		17.2.9 Applications Beyond Substations
	17.3 Future Challenges
A Bibliography and References
	Standards
	CIGRE Technical Brochures
	CIGRE Papers and Contributions
	CIGRE Papers
B Definitions, Abbreviations and Symbols
	CIGRE Terms
	Organisation Acronyms
	Specific Terms in this Book
	Symbols