Identification and Ecology of Freshwater Arthropods in the Mediterranean Basin

maasri
	Identification and Ecology of Freshwater Arthropods in the Mediterranean Basin
	Copyright
	Dedication
	Contents
	List of contributors
	1 Introduction*
		Introduction
		Components of taxonomic chapters
		How to use this volume and the limits to identification1
		References
	2 Ecology of Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems
		Mediterranean climate
		Anthropogenic activities in the Mediterranean Basin
		Streams and rivers
		Lakes and wetlands
		The role of disturbances in Mediterranean freshwater ecosystems
		Freshwater biodiversity and endemism
		References
	3 Arthropoda
	Subchapter 3.1 Introduction to the Phylum Arthropoda
		Overview
		General ecology and distribution of Arthropods
			Arthropod food webs
			Biodiversity patterns, endemic nature, and conservation status
				Biodiversity patterns
				Nonindigenous species
		Morphological characters needed in identification
		Keys to freshwater Arthropoda
			Arthropoda: Subphyla
			Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida: Orders
			Class Arachnida: Subclass Aranae: Families
			Subclass Acari: Orders and Suborders
			Subphylum Crustacea: Classes
		Introduction to the subphylum Chelicerata, class Arachnida
			Overview
			Subclass Aranae: spiders associated with aquatic habitats
			Subclass Acari: mites associated with aquatic habitats
		Introduction to the subphylum Crustacea
			Overview
			Subphylum Crustacea: class Hexapoda
				Insecta
				Collembola
			Subphylum Crustacea: “Traditional” Crustaceans
				Habitats
				Food webs
			A brief introduction to the classes Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Thecostraca, Copepoda, Ichthyostraca, and Malacostraca
				Class Branchiopoda (Chapter 4)
				Class Ostracoda (Chapter 5)
				Class Copepoda (Chapter 6)
				Class Thecostraca
				Class Ichthyostraca (Chapter 6)
				Class Malacostraca (Chapter 7)
		Acknowledgments
	Subchapter 3.2 Molecular tools for species identification
		Introduction
		DNA barcoding
		Massive parallel sequencing: metabarcoding and the analysis of environmental DNA
		Other approaches and technologies
		References
	4 Class Branchiopoda
		Introduction
		Limitations
		Terminology and morphology
		Sampling, preparation, and preservation
		Keys to Branchiopoda
			Branchiopoda: Orders
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Families
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Chirocephalidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Chirocephalidae: Linderiella: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Chirocephalidae: Chirocephalus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Artemiidae: Artemia: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Branchinectidae: Branchinecta: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Streptocephalidae: Streptocephalus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Tanymastigidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Tanymastix: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Tanymastigites: Species
			Branchiopoda: Anostraca: Branchipodidae: Branchipus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Notostraca: Triopsidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Notostraca: Lepidurus: Species
			Branchiopoda: “Diplostraca”: Orders
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Spinicaudata: Families
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Spinicaudata: Limnadiidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Spinicaudata: Leptestheriidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Onychopoda: Families
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Onychopoda: Cercopagididae: Bythotrephes: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Onychopoda: Podonidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Onychopoda: Evadne: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Families
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Subfamilies
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Chydorinae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Chydorinae: Chydorus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Chydoridae: Chydorinae: Ephemeroporus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Chydorinae: Pleuroxus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Chydorinae: Disparalona: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Chydorinae: Alonella: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: Leydigia: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: Coronatella: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: Ovalona: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: other Alona: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: Camptocercus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae: Aloninae: Acroperus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Bosminidae: Species Groups
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae: Daphnia: Subgenera and Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae: Simocephalus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae: Ceriodaphnia: Species
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Daphniidae: Scapholeberis: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Moinidae: Moina: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Macrothricidae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Macrothricidae: Macrothrix: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Anomopoda: Ilyocryptidae: Ilyocryptus: Species
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Ctenopoda: Sididae: Genera
			Branchiopoda: Diplostraca: Cladocera: Ctenopoda: Sididae: Diaphanosoma: Species
		Acknowledgments
		References
	5 Class Ostracoda
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
			Environmental factors
			Adding dispersal and space to niche effects: ostracod metacommunities
			Biogeography of the Mediterranean ostracod fauna
		Morphological characters used in identification
			Carapace morphology
			Appendages and other chitinized structures
		Material preparation and preservation
		Keys to Ostracoda
			Ostracoda key: superfamilies, families, and subfamilies
			Ostracoda: Darwinuloidea: Darwinulidae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyprididae: Cypridinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyprididae: Cypridopsinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyprididae: Cypricercinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyprididae: Herpetocypridinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyprididae: Cyprinotinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyprididae: Eucypridinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Cyclocyprididae: Cyclocypridinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cypridoidea: Candonidae: Candoninae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cytheroidea: Entocytheridae: Entocytherinae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cytheroidea: Kliellidae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cytheroidea: Cytherideidae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cytheroidea: Limnocytheridae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cytheroidea: Timiriaseviidae: genera
			Ostracoda: Cytheroidea: Loxoconchidae: genera
		Acknowledgments
		References
	6 Classes Copepoda and Ichthyostraca
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
			Copepoda
			Ichthyostraca
		Morphological characteristics used in identification
			Copepoda
			Ichthyostraca
		Material preparation and preservation
		Keys to Copepoda and Ichthyostraca
			Crustacea: Copepoda: orders
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: families and subfamilies
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Acartiidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Centropagidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae: Diaptominae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae: Paradiaptominae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Diaptomidae: Speodiaptominae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Pseudodiaptomidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Calanoida: Temoridae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: families and subfamilies
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Lernaeidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Halicyclopidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae: Eucyclopinae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae: Cyclopinae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: families
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ectinosomatidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Laophontidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Arenopontiidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Darcythompsoniidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Laophontidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Nannopodidae: genera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Ameiridae: genera and subgenera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Canthocamptidae: genera and subgenera
			Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Parastenocarididae: genera
			Crustacea: Ichthyostraca: order, family, and genus
		References
	7 Class Malacostraca (subclass Eumalacostraca)
	Subchapter 7.1 Introduction to Malacostraca
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Key to Eumalacostraca
			Eumalacostraca: orders
	Subchapter 7.2 Order Amphipoda
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Terminology and morphology
		Collection, preparation, and identification
		Limitations
		Keys to Amphipoda
			Amphipoda: families
			Amphipoda: Bogidiellidae: genera
			Amphipoda: Bogidiellidae: Medigidiella: species
			Amphipoda: Corophiidae: Genera and species
			Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae: genera and species
			Amphipoda: Eriopisidae: genera and species
			Amphipoda: Gammaridae: genera
			Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Dikerogammarus: species
			Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Iberogammarus: species
			Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Longigammarus: species
			Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Rhipidogammarus: species
			Amphipoda: Gammaridae: Tyrrhenogammarus: species
			Amphipoda: Hadziidae: genera and species
				Amphipoda: Metacrangonyctidae: genera and species
			Amphipoda: Niphargidae: genera
			Amphipoda: Pontogammaridae: genera and species
			Amphipoda: Pseudoniphargidae: genera
			Amphipoda: Salentinellidae: genera and species
			Amphipoda: Typhlogammaridae: genera and species
	Subchapter 7.3 Order Bathynellacea
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Terminology and morphology
		Collection, preparation, and identification
		Keys to Bathynellacea
			Bathynellacea: families
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: subfamilies
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: Bathynellinae: genera
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: Gallobathynellinae: genera
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: Gallobathynellinae: Delamareibathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: Gallobathynellinae: Gallobathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: Gallobathynellinae: Paradoxiclamousella: species
			Bathynellacea: Bathynellidae: Gallobathynellinae: Vejdovskybathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: genera
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Hexabathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Hexaiberobathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Parabathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Paraiberobathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Iberobathynella: species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Iberobathynella (Asturibathynella): species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Iberobathynella (Espanobathynella): species
			Bathynellacea: Parabathynellidae: Iberobathynella (Iberobathynella): species
	Subchapter 7.4 Order Decapoda
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Terminology and mmorphology
		Collection, preparation, and identification
		Limitations
		Key to Decapoda
			Decapoda: infraorders
			Decapoda: Potamidae: Potamon: species
			Decapoda: Caridea: families
			Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae: genera
			Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae: Atyaephyra: species
			Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae: Typhlatya: species
			Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae: Dugastella: species
			Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae: Troglocaris: species
			Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae: Spelaeocaris: species
			Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae: Palaemon: species
			Decapoda: Astacidea: families
			Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae: genera and species
			Decapoda: Astacidea: Astacidae: genera
			Decapoda: Astacidea: Astacidae: Austropotamobius: species
			Decapoda: Astacidea: Astacidae: Astacus: species
	Subchapter 7.5 Order Ingolfiellida
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Terminology and mmorphology
		Collection, preparation, and identification
		Limitations
		Key to Ingolfiellida
			Ingolfiellida: families
			Ingolfiellida: Ingolfiellidae: Ingolfiella: species
	Subchapter 7.6 Order Isopoda
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Terminology and morphology
		Collection, preparation, and preservation
		Limitations
		Keys to Isopoda
			Isopoda: suborders and families
			Isopoda: Asellidae: genera
			Isopoda: Janiridae: Jaera: species
			Isopoda: Microparasellidae: genera and species
			Isopoda: Stenasellidae: genera and species (except Stenasellus)
			Isopoda: Stenasellidae: Stenasellus: species
			Isopoda: Cymothoida: Cirolanidae: genera
			Isopoda: Cymothoida: Cirolanidae: Sphaeromides: species
			Isopoda: Sphaeromatidea: Sphaeromatidae: genera and species (except Monolistra)
			Isopoda: Microcerberidea: Microcerberidae: genera and species
	Subchapter 7.7 Orders Mysida and Stygiomysida
		Introduction
			Mysida
			Stygiomysida
		General ecology and distribution
			Stygiomysida
			Mysida
		Terminology and morphology
		Collection, preparation, and preservation
		Limitations
		Key to Mysida and Stygiomysida
			Mysida and Stygiomysida: orders
			Mysida and Stygiomysida: Stygiomysida: species
			Mysida and Stygiomysida: Mysida: Mysidae: genera
			Mysida and Stygiomysida: Mysida: Mysidae: Diamysis: species
			Mysida and Stygiomysida: Mysida: Mysidae: Paramysis: species
		Acknowledgements
	Subchapter 7.8 Order Thermosbaenacea
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Terminology and morphology
		Collection, preparation, and identification
		Limitations
		Keys to Thermosbaenacea
			Thermosbaenacea: families
			Thermosbaenacea: Monodellidae: genera and species
		References
	8 Class Hexapoda: general introduction
		Introduction to aquatic Hexapoda
		Subclass Collembola—aquatic taxa
			Identification and sampling
				Aquatic Collembola groups
				Sampling
			Collembola ecology
				Habitats and distribution
				Physiology and morphology
		Subclass Insecta
			Some biological notes on the subclass Insecta
				Insect life cycle
				Insect body structure
			Endemicity of aquatic insects and singular habitats in the Mediterranean Basin
			Biological traits of the aquatic insects in Mediterranean climate
			Dispersal and metacommunity dynamics
			The role of aquatic insects in food webs
				How to analyze a food web
				Food web structure
				Temporal variability of resource–consumer interactions
				Ontogeny
				Donor aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial ecosystems
			Disturbance effects on aquatic insects
				Environmental disturbances: changes in water quality
				Landscape disturbances: habitat structure change, loss and fragmentation
				Global disturbances: drought, fires, and climate change
				Biological disturbances: invasive species
			Use of aquatic insects in biological assessment of water quality
			Alien aquatic Hexapods
		Taxonomic keys to the Subphylum Crustacea, Class Hexapoda
			How to use these keys
			Key to the subclass Entognatha (Collembola)
				Poduromorpha
				Entomobryomorpha
				Symphypleona
				Neelipleona (Neelidae)
			Key to the subclass Insecta
				Insect taxa marginally associated with the aquatic environment
				Shoreline insects often found in aquatic samples
		References
	9 Order Ephemeroptera
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Morphological characters needed in identification
		Material preparation and preservation
		Keys to Ephemeroptera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Families
		Keys to Genera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Baetidae: Genera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Caenidae: Genera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae: Genera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Genera and Subgenera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Genera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Genera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae: Siphlonurus: Subgenera
			Insecta: Ephemeroptera: Ameletidae: Genera and Species
		Acknowledgments
		References
	10 Order Plecoptera
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Morphological characteristics needed for identification
			Head
			Thorax
			Abdomen
			Gills
		Material preparation and preservation
		Keys
			Plecoptera: Families
			Plecoptera: Perlodidae: Genera
			Plecoptera: Perlidae: Genera
			Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae: Genera
			Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae: Genera
			Plecoptera: Nemouridae: Genera
			Plecoptera: Capniidae: Genera
			Plecoptera: Leuctridae: Genera
		Acknowledgments
		References
	11 Order Odonata
		Introduction
		Morphological characters
			Head
			Mouth structure
			Thorax
			Abdomen
		Overview of physiology
		Overview of biology
			Egg stage
			Larval stage
			Life cycle
		Ecology of larvae
			General ecology
			Importance as biological indicators
		Collection
		Fixation, conservation, preparation
		Rearing in captivity
		Taxonomic and distributional notes
		Keys
			Odonata: Suborders
			Zygoptera: Families
			Zygoptera: Genera and Species
			Zygoptera: Lestidae: Genera and Species
			Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae: Genera and Species
			Anisoptera: Families
			Anisoptera: Genera and Species
			Anisoptera: Gomphidae: Genera and Species
			Anisoptera: Aeshnidae: Genera and Species
			Anisoptera: Corduliidae: Genera and Species
			Anisoptera: Libellulidae: Genera and Species
		Acknowledgments
		References
	12 Order Hemiptera
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Morphological characteristics needed in identification
		Material preparation and preservation
		Keys to Hemiptera
			Hemiptera: suborders
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: infraorders
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: families
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae: Microvelia: subgenera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae: Velia: subgenera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Gerridae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae: Gerris: subgenera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: families
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Micronectidae: Micronecta: subgenera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Corixidae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Corixidae: Sigara: subgenera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Belostomatidae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Nepidae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Naucoridae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Pleidae: genera
			Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Notonectidae: genera
		Acknowledgments
		References
	13 Order Coleoptera
		Introduction
			What is a true water beetle?
		Diversity and distribution
		General biology and ecology
		Systematic and phylogenetic relationships
		Conservation and global change
		Morphological characters needed for identification
		Sampling, preparation, and preservation
		Keys to Adults and Larvae
			Key to Families
				Coleoptera: Families
				Coleoptera: Families (Adults)
				Coleoptera: Families (Larvae)
			Keys to Genera (Adults)
				Coleoptera: Dryopidae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Elmidae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Haliplidae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Noteridae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Hydraenidae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Genera
				Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Genera
		Acknowledgments
		Appendix
		References
	14 Order Trichoptera*
		Introduction
		General ecology and distribution
		Trichoptera adaptations to the Mediterranean Basin
		Material preparation and preservation
		Morphological characters needed in identification
		Key to families
		Keys to genera
			Trichoptera: Philopotamidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Leptoceridae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Beraeidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Apataniidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Goeridae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Limnephilidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Brachycentridae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae: Genera
			Trichoptera: Phryganeidae: Genera
		Acknowledgments
		Uncited references
		References
	15 Order Diptera
		Diversity, distribution, and ecology of Diptera
		Aquatic Diptera
		Larval morphology of aquatic Diptera
		Sampling, identification, and preservation of larvae
		Aquatic and semiaquatic Diptera families in the Mediterranean Basin
		Lower Diptera
			Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)
			Chaoboridae (phantom midges)
			Culicidae (mosquitoes)
			Dixidae (meniscus midges)
			Thaumaleidae (solitary midges or trickle midges)
			Ptychopteridae (phantom crane flies)
			Blephariceridae (net-winged midges)
			Bibionidae (march flies)
			Scatopsidae (minute black scavenger flies)
			Psychodidae (moth flies, owl flies, and sand flies)
			Anisopodidae (wood gnats or window gnats)
			Trichoceridae (winter crane flies)
		Brachycera
			Stratiomyidae (soldier flies)
			Athericidae (water snipe flies)
			Rhagonidae (snipe flies)
			Tabanidae (horse flies)
			Dolichopodidae (long-legged flies)
			Empididae (balloon flies)
			Lonchopteridae (spear-winged flies)
			Phoridae (scuttle flies)
			Syrphidae (flower flies or hover flies)
			Sciomyzidae (marsh flies or snail-killing flies)
			Ephydridae (shore flies)
			Muscidae (house flies and relatives)
			Fanniidae (little house flies)
			Scathophagidae (dung flies)
		Key to larvae of aquatic and semiaquatic families of Diptera
			Diptera: Families
		Acknowledgments
	Subchapter 15.1 Superfamily Tipuloidea
		Introduction
		General ecology
			Larval morphology and characteristics needed in identification
			Identification key to the larvae of crane flies
				Diptera: Tipulomorpha: Tipuloidea: Cylindrotomidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Tipulidae: Genera
		Acknowledgments
	Subchapter 15.2 Family Chironomidae
		Introduction
		Ecology and distribution
		Biology, morphology, and phenology
		Morphological characters needed for pupal exuviae identification
		Material preparation and preservation
		Key to subfamilies
			Podonominae: Genera
			Tanypodinae: Genera and Subgenera
			Chironominae: Tribes
			Chironominae: Tanytarsini: Genera
			Chironominae: Chironomini: Genera and Subgenera
			Diamesinae: Genera
			Prodiamesinae: Genera
			Orthocladiinae: Genera and Subgenera
		Acknowledgments
	Subchapter 15.3 Family Simuliidae
		Introduction
		Ecology and distribution
		Morphological characters needed in identification
			Larvae
			Pupae
			Material preparation and preservation
		Keys to larvae and pupae of Simuliidae
			Simuliidae: Genera (Larvae)
			Simuliidae: Prosimulium: Species (Mature larvae)
			Simuliidae: Urosimulium: Species (Mature larvae)
			Simuliidae: Greniera: Species (Mature larvae)
			Simuliidae: Metacnephia: Species (Mature larvae)
			Simuliidae: Simulium: Species (Mature larvae)
			Simuliidae: Genera (Pupae)
			Simuliidae: Prosimulium: Species (Pupae)
			Simuliidae: Greniera: Species (Pupae)
			Simuliidae: Metacnephia: Species (Pupae)
			Simuliidae: Simulium: Species (Pupae)
		References
	Index