ICE Manual of Construction Materials, Volumes I and II

Evolution and innovation in materials for civil engineering......Page 1
Types of materials: composition and microstructure......Page 5
Composition of materials......Page 7
Porous and cellular materials......Page 12
References......Page 13
Density......Page 14
Thermal properties......Page 16
Mechanical properties......Page 21
Mass transfer properties......Page 27
References......Page 30
What is meant by ‘durable’......Page 31
Standards relating to durability......Page 32
Agents of degradation......Page 36
Service-life planning......Page 38
Importance of correct construction......Page 39
Importance of maintenance......Page 40
Importance of repair......Page 41
End-of-life issues......Page 42
References......Page 43
Economics of materials: steel frame vs rebar......Page 44
Reinforced concrete......Page 45
Managing the economics of material supply......Page 47
Historical context......Page 53
Concrete as a structural material......Page 54
Ensuring safe, durable and sustainable concrete structures......Page 55
Future trends......Page 56
Main cement types......Page 57
Other cement types......Page 61
References......Page 62
Cements......Page 65
Hydration of the calcium silicates......Page 66
Relationships between hydration and concrete property development......Page 68
Miscellaneous cements......Page 69
Concrete mix designs and the opportunity for innovation......Page 70
References......Page 71
Igneous rocks......Page 72
Extraction and processing of natural aggregates......Page 74
Influence of aggregate characteristics on properties of concrete......Page 77
Lightweight and heavyweight aggregates......Page 78
References......Page 79
Concrete deterioration caused by water......Page 81
Impurities in water affecting concrete properties......Page 82
References......Page 83
Admixtures......Page 84
Set control admixtures......Page 90
Special purpose admixtures......Page 91
References......Page 92
Production and casting of fresh concrete......Page 94
Curing of cast-in-place concrete......Page 102
Accelerated curing......Page 106
Summary......Page 107
References......Page 108
Test methods to measure the workability of traditional concrete......Page 110
Test methods to measure the workability of highly flowable concrete......Page 114
Air content......Page 118
Bleeding and segregation......Page 119
Influence of constituent materials......Page 121
Conclusions......Page 125
References......Page 126
Hydration......Page 128
Strength development......Page 131
Stiffness and Poisson’s ratio......Page 133
Non-structural cracks......Page 135
References......Page 136
Drying shrinkage......Page 138
Stress-induced deformation......Page 139
Temperature effects......Page 140
Factors influencing dimensional stability and deformation......Page 142
References......Page 143
Historical note......Page 145
Strength......Page 147
Failure mechanisms......Page 149
Pore structure......Page 151
Permeability......Page 152
Influence of constituent materials......Page 154
Concluding remarks......Page 157
References......Page 158
Corrosion of reinforcement in concrete......Page 160
Freeze–thaw deterioration and salt attack......Page 164
Chemical attack......Page 165
Abrasion resistance of concrete surfaces......Page 167
Factors influencing durability of concrete......Page 168
Methods of ensuring the durability of concrete......Page 169
Service life design of concrete......Page 171
References......Page 173
Introduction......Page 175
Non-destructive test methods......Page 177
Concluding remarks......Page 189
References......Page 190
Lightweight aggregate concrete......Page 193
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)......Page 194
High-density concrete......Page 195
High-strength concrete......Page 196
High-performance concrete......Page 198
Fibre-reinforced concrete......Page 199
Ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete......Page 201
Heat-resistant and refractory hydraulically bound concretes......Page 202
Underwater concrete......Page 203
Polymer-modified concrete......Page 204
Self-compacting concrete (SCC)......Page 205
References......Page 206
Introduction......Page 209
Mix design procedures for strength, workability and durability using Portland cement......Page 212
Mix design based on strength, workability and durability......Page 216
Mix design for high-strength concrete containing microsilica (or silica fume)......Page 217
References......Page 219
Introduction......Page 221
Structure management strategy......Page 224
Repair options and methods......Page 225
Build-up of a traditional concrete repair......Page 230
Materials for repair......Page 233
Active corrosion management......Page 236
Records and ongoing maintenance......Page 237
Health, safety and the environment......Page 238
References......Page 239
Introduction......Page 241
Moving towards a solutionsoriented approach......Page 242
Materials by design......Page 243
Environmental impact and sustainability......Page 247
References......Page 248
Physical and mechanical properties......Page 249
References......Page 251
Brief history......Page 252
Bitumen chemical composition......Page 253
Physical properties......Page 254
Temperature susceptibility......Page 257
Bitumen ageing......Page 258
Bitumen modification......Page 259
References......Page 260
Main types of aggregate......Page 262
Types, sources and properties of aggregate......Page 263
Aggregate test methods......Page 266
Specification of aggregate properties in the UK......Page 269
Future trends......Page 270
References......Page 272
The mechanics of asphalt behaviour......Page 274
Asphalt stiffness......Page 275
Fracture and fatigue of asphalt......Page 277
Permanent deformation......Page 280
Durability......Page 282
References......Page 283
Historical perspective of asphalt mixture design......Page 285
General principles of asphalt mixture design......Page 286
Design of surface course mixtures in the UK......Page 290
Future trends......Page 292
References......Page 293
Resources......Page 294
Methods of producing aggregates......Page 295
Methods of producing asphalts......Page 300
RAP and fibres for thin surface course systems......Page 304
Controlling manufacture......Page 308
References......Page 313
Bitumen emulsion......Page 314
Cold mixture production......Page 315
Mixture design......Page 317
Applications – in-situ recycling......Page 319
Pavement design issues......Page 320
Warm mixtures......Page 321
References......Page 322
Linear viscoelasticity......Page 324
Fracture mechanics......Page 328
Discrete element modelling (DEM)......Page 331
References......Page 333
Background......Page 335
Properties of masonry......Page 339
Sustainability of masonry......Page 340
References......Page 341
Overview......Page 342
Clay bricks......Page 343
Concrete masonry units......Page 347
References......Page 351
Mortar types......Page 353
The requirements of mortar......Page 354
Cements for mortar......Page 355
Limes for mortar......Page 356
Sands for mortar......Page 357
Admixtures......Page 359
The properties of mortars......Page 361
Appearance......Page 363
The durability of mortar......Page 364
Mortar production and sourcing......Page 365
References......Page 366
Introduction......Page 367
Characteristic values of resistance......Page 368
Structural analysis of masonry......Page 372
References......Page 378
Introduction......Page 379
References......Page 386
Material defects......Page 387
Mortar......Page 397
Structural defects in masonry walls......Page 398
References......Page 404
The background and case for the use of recycled materials in masonry brick and block manufacturing......Page 405
Sustainability and life-cycle analysis......Page 410
References......Page 413
Causes of masonry movement......Page 415
Movement effects are cumulative......Page 424
References......Page 425
A......Page 427
B......Page 428
C......Page 429
D......Page 432
E......Page 433
F......Page 434
H......Page 435
K......Page 436
M......Page 437
P......Page 439
R......Page 441
S......Page 442
T......Page 445
V......Page 446
Z......Page 447