Hydrological Extremes: River Hydraulics and Irrigation Water Management

Contents
About the Editors
Part IAssessment and Monitoring of Hydrological Extremes
1 Application of Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) for Flood Assessment; Case Study of Kelani River Basin, Sri Lanka
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Study Area
	1.3 Data Availability and Data Processing
		1.3.1 Temporal Data and Processing
		1.3.2 Processing of Spatial Data
	1.4 Methodology
		1.4.1 HEC-Geo HMS and HEC-HMS
		1.4.2 Calibration of Model
		1.4.3 Comparison of Three Direct Runoff Models
	1.5 Analysis and Results
		1.5.1 Calibration and Validation
	1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
2 Developing Strategies for Mitigating Pluvial Flooding in Gurugram
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Need for the Study
	2.3 Aim of the Study
	2.4 Study Area
	2.5 Methodology
		2.5.1 Data Collection
		2.5.2 Data Analysis
	2.6 Recommendations and Way Forward
		2.6.1 Source Control
		2.6.2 Site Control
	2.7 Regional Control
		2.7.1 Parking Lot with Swale/Planters
		2.7.2 Road Profile Options
		2.7.3 Appropriate Plant Material
	2.8 Planning Interventions
	References
3 Vulnerability Assessment of Manipur to Floods Using Unequal Weights
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Data and Methodology
		3.2.1 Study Area
		3.2.2 Data Acquisition
		3.2.3 Selection of Indicators and Their Functional Relationship with Vulnerability
		3.2.4 Arrangement of Indicators
		3.2.5 Normalization of Indicators
		3.2.6 Methods of Construction of Vulnerability Indices (VIs)
		3.2.7 Classification of Districts Based on VIs
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Normalization of Indicators
		3.3.2 Assigning of Weights
		3.3.3 Construction of VIs
		3.3.4 Classifications of Districts
		3.3.5 Validation
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
4 Development of Regional Flood Frequency Relationships for Gauged and Ungauged Catchments of Upper Narmada and Tapi Subzone 3(c)
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Probability Weighted Moments
		4.1.2 L-Moments Approach
	4.2 Study Area and Data Availability
	4.3 Data Analysis and Results
		4.3.1 Discordancy-Based Screening of Data
		4.3.2 Regional Homogeneity Test
		4.3.3 Recognition of Robust Distribution
		4.3.4 RFF Relationship for Gauged Catchments
		4.3.5 RFF Relationship for Ungauged Catchments
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Mapping Punjab Flood using Multi-temporal Open-Access Synthetic Aperture Radar Data in Google Earth Engine
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Material and Methods
		5.2.1 Study Area
		5.2.2 Data Used
		5.2.3 Methodology
	5.3 Result and Discussion
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6 Study of Drought Characteristics in Ken River Basin in Bundelkhand Region in India
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Materials and Methods
		6.2.1 Description of Study Area (Ken River Basin)
		6.2.2 Data Availability
		6.2.3 Identification of Drought Years
		6.2.4 Computation of Annual and Seasonal Rainfall Departures
		6.2.5 Probability Distribution of Annual and Seasonal Rainfalls
		6.2.6 Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
		6.2.7 Onset and Withdrawal of Effective Monsoon
		6.2.8 Critical Dry Spell (CDS)
		6.2.9 Calculation of Crop Water Requirement
		6.2.10 Estimation of Effective Rainfall and Irrigation Requirement
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Rainfall Departure
		6.3.2 Probability Distribution of Rainfall
		6.3.3 Estimation of ETo
		6.3.4 Onset and Withdrawal of Effective Monsoon
		6.3.5 Identification of Critical Dry Spell (CDS)
		6.3.6 Estimation of Crop Water Requirement
		6.3.7 Effective Rainfall and Irrigation Requirement
	6.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
7 Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Eastern Region of India
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Study Area and Data Used
	7.3 Methodology
	7.4 Result and Discussion
		7.4.1 Return Period
		7.4.2 Drought Severity
		7.4.3 Maximum Drought Persistence
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Meteorological Drought Assessment in Tripura of Humid Northeast India Using EDI
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Study Area and Data
	8.3 Methodology
	8.4 Results and Discussion
		8.4.1 Analysis of Drought
		8.4.2 Spatial Analysis
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
9 Multifractal Description of Droughts in Western India Using Detrended Fluctuation Analysis
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 MFDFA Algorithm
	9.3 Study Area and Database
	9.4 Results and Discussion
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Impacts of Climatic Variability and Extremes on Agriculture and Water in Odisha Coasts
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Rationale of the Study
	10.3 Recommendations
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Temporal and Spatial Variability of Daily Rainfall Extremes in Humid Northeast Assam State of India
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Study Area and Data Used
		11.2.1 Study Area
		11.2.2 Data Used
	11.3 Methodology
		11.3.1 Magnitude of Trend
		11.3.2 Mann-Kendall Trend Test
	11.4 Results and Discussion
		11.4.1 Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Indices for the Entire Assam
		11.4.2 District-Wise Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Indices
		11.4.3 Trend Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Indices
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
12 Identification of Meteorological Extreme Years Over Central Division of Odisha Using an Index-Based Approach
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Materials and Methods
		12.2.1 Study Area
		12.2.2 Data Used
		12.2.3 Methodology
	12.3 Results and Discussions
	12.4 Conclusions
	References
13 An Approach Toward Mitigation of Cyclone Disaster: A Case Study of Odisha During Phailin
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Description of Cyclone PHAILIN and Action Taken
	13.3 PHAILIN-Associated Rainfall
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14 Research Needs for Stream Power Moderation in Hilly Torrents for Disaster Mitigation
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Materials and Methods
		14.2.1 Study Area
		14.2.2 Data Used
		14.2.3 Methodology
	14.3 Results and Discussion
		14.3.1 Study of Flow Velocity
		14.3.2 Study of Shear Stress
		14.3.3 Study of Stream Power
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
Part IIRiver Hydraulics
15 Experimental Study and Calibration of Hydraulic Coefficients using Vertical Orifice
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Principle
	15.3 Description
	15.4 Flow Through the Circular Sharp-Edged Vertical Orifice
	15.5 Hydraulic Coefficients
	15.6 Methodology
	15.7 Observation
	15.8 Discussions
	15.9 Conclusion
	References
16 Discharge Prediction Approaches in Meandering Compound Channel
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Methods of Estimation of Discharge in Compound Meandering Channel
		16.2.1 Single-Channel Method (SCM)
		16.2.2 Divided Channel Method (DCM)
		16.2.3 Coherence Method (COHM)
	16.3 Roughness Coefficient Prediction Approaches for Meandering Channel
		16.3.1 Soil Conservative Service (SCS)
		16.3.2 Linearized Soil Conservative Service (LSCS)
		16.3.3 Shino, Al-Romaih and Knight (SAK)
		16.3.4 Dash and Khatua (DK)
		16.3.5 Pradhan and Khatua (DK)
	16.4 Meandering Channel Datasets for Analysis
	16.5 Results and Discussions
	16.6 Conclusions
	References
17 Performance Study of Cross Flow Hybrid Hydrokinetic Turbine
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Design Parameters of Hybrid Rotor
	17.3 Modeling and Grid Generation
	17.4 Solver Setup
		17.4.1 Boundary Conditions
		17.4.2 Turbulence Modeling
	17.5 Results and Discussion
		17.5.1 Flow Contours
		17.5.2 Performance of Hybrid Rotor Turbine
	17.6 Conclusions
	References
18 Scaling of Open Channel Flow Velocities in Emergent, Sparse and Rigid Vegetation Patch with Rough Bed Interior of the Patch
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Experimental Methodology
		18.2.1 Experimental Flume Design
		18.2.2 Measuring Equipment
		18.2.3 Model of Vegetation Patch
		18.2.4 Post-processing and Correction of Data
		18.2.5 Scaling Analysis
	18.3 Results and Discussion
	18.4 Conclusions
	References
19 Energy Gain from Tehri PSP Due to Adoption of Variable Speed Technology
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Variable Speed Hydro Unit Generation Mode
	19.3 Conclusion
	References
20 Rain Response Releases in Krishna Basin
	20.1 Issues Involved
	20.2 About Krishna Basin
	20.3 Case Study of Krishna Basin
	20.4 Work Done so Far on Intelligent Water Management
	20.5 Summary
	References
21 Review of Flow Simulation Methods in Alluvial River
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Major Issues of Flow Simulation for Alluvial Rivers
	21.3 Existing Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport Numerical Models
	21.4 HEC-RAS
		21.4.1 Governing Equations
		21.4.2 Limitations of 1-D Modeling in HEC-RAS
		21.4.3 2-D HEC-RAS Modeling
		21.4.4 Limitations of the 2-D Modeling Capabilities in HEC‐RAS
	21.5 CCHE2D Model
		21.5.1 The Governing Equations
		21.5.2 Limitations of CCHE2D Model
	21.6 Mike 21C Model
		21.6.1 Hydrodynamic Module
		21.6.2 Sediment Transport Module
		21.6.3 Morphological Module
		21.6.4 Limitations of MIKE 21C
	21.7 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
22 Design and Sensitivity Analysis of High Head Regulating Radial Gate Using Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Brief Description and Design of Components of Radial Gate Skin Plate (Gate Leaf)
	22.3 Methodology
		22.3.1 Design
		22.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	22.4 Analysis and Discussion
	22.5 Conclusion
	References
Part IIIIntelligent Irrigation Water Management
23 Model to Generate Crop Combinations for Tribal Farmers in Palghar, Maharashtra, India
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Methodology
		23.2.1 Objective Function
		23.2.2 Constraints
	23.3 Model Simulation
		23.3.1 Model Assumptions
		23.3.2 Model Parameters
	23.4 Results and Discussion
	23.5 Conclusion
	References
24 Development of Mathematical Model for Estimation of Wetting Front Under Drip Irrigation
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Materials and Methods
		24.2.1 Description of Experimental Setup
		24.2.2 Filling of Soil in Lysimeter
		24.2.3 Mass Calculation
		24.2.4 Installation of Drip Irrigation System in Lysimeter
		24.2.5 Measurement of Wetting Front
		24.2.6 Measurement of the Moisture Content at Various Points of Wetting Front
		24.2.7 Analysis of Data Collected from Lysimeter
		24.2.8 Mathematical Modelling
	24.3 Results and Discussion
		24.3.1 Development of Equation to Estimate Horizontal Wetting Front Movement for 2 lph Dripper Discharge
		24.3.2 Development of Equation to Estimate the Vertical Wetting Front Movement
	24.4 Conclusion
	References
25 Challenges of Food Security in Tanzania: Need for Precise Irrigation
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Description of the Study Area
	25.3 Status and Challenges of Food Security in Tanzania
		25.3.1 Indicators and Status of Food Security
		25.3.2 Global Hunger Index (GHI)
		25.3.3 Challenges of Food Security
	25.4 The Need for Precise Irrigation
		25.4.1 Advantages of Precise Irrigation
		25.4.2 Disadvantages of Precise Irrigation
		25.4.3 Methods of Precise Irrigation
		25.4.4 Precise Irrigation in Tanzania
		25.4.5 Economic Issues of Precise Irrigation
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
26 Soil Moisture Depletion-Based Irrigation Technology for Summer Finger Millet Under Midland Situation of Chhattisgarh Plains
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Materials and Methods
	26.3 Results and Discussion
	26.4 Conclusions
	References
27 Challenges of Water Supply Management in Harbour City of Freetown in Western Sierra Leone
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Description of the Case Study
	27.3 Present Water Supply System in Freetown
	27.4 Assessment of Water Supply Scheme in Freetown
	27.5 Challenges of Water Supply in Freetown
	27.6 Suggestions to Improve Water Supply Management in Freetown
	27.7 Conclusions
	References
28 Comparison of Methods for Evapotranspiration Computation in the Tana Basin, Ethiopia
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Study Area
	28.3 Methodology
		28.3.1 Data Source
		28.3.2 Estimation of Evapotranspiration and (ET0) and Pan Coefficient (KP)
		28.3.3 Description of ET0 Estimation Equations
		28.3.4 Model Evaluation Methods
	28.4 Results and Discussion
		28.4.1 Meteorological Parameters
		28.4.2 Estimation of Pan Coefficient (KP)
		28.4.3 Cross Comparison of ET0 Estimation Methods
	28.5 Conclusions
	References
29 Performance Evaluation of Four Models for Estimating the Capillary Rise in Wheat Crop Root Zone Considering Shallow Water Table
	29.1 Introduction
		29.1.1 Capillary Rise Models
		29.1.2 Field Crop Experiments
		29.1.3 Lysimeter Setup
		29.1.4 Crop Parameters
		29.1.5 Performance Evaluation Indicators
	29.2 Results and Discussion
		29.2.1 Measurements Using Lysimeter
		29.2.2 Comparison of Models for Capillary Rise Simulation
	29.3 Conclusion
	References
30 SCADA Based Rainfall Simulation and Precision Lysimeters with Open Top Climate Chambers for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Resource Losses in Semi-arid Regions
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Methodology
		30.2.1 Rainfall Simulator
		30.2.2 Calibration of Rainfall Simulator
		30.2.3 Soil Bin
	30.3 Precision Lysimeter
		30.3.1 Lysimeter Tank
		30.3.2 Service Well
		30.3.3 Open-Top Climate Chambers for Controlling CO2 and Temperature
	30.4 Results and Discussion
	30.5 Conclusions
	References