Hydrogeological Hazard Susceptibility and Community Risk Perception in Rwanda: A Case Study of Floods and Landslides

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations
Part I: Hydrogeological Hazard Susceptibility
	Chapter 1: Introduction
		References
	Chapter 2: Basic Information on Hydrogeological Hazards (Flood and Landslide)
		2.1 Key Concepts Definitions
			2.1.1 Hazard
			2.1.2 Risk
			2.1.3 Flood
			2.1.4 Landslide
			2.1.5 Susceptibility
		2.2 Types of Floods and Landslides
			2.2.1 Major Types of Floods
				(a) Flash Flood
				(b) Riverine Flooding
				(c) Coastal Flood
				(d) Urban Floods
			2.2.2 Major Types of Landslides
				(a) Rotational Slides
				(b) Translational Slides
				(c) Topple
				(d) Deep-Seated Landslide
				(e) Shallow Landslide
		2.3 Causes of Floods and Landslides
			2.3.1 Climate Change
			2.3.2 Atmospheric Precipitation
			2.3.3 The Topography of the Area
			2.3.4 Urbanization and Land Use Change
		2.4 Impacts of Floods and Landslides
			2.4.1 Agriculture and Food Security
			2.4.2 Human Settlement and Infrastructure
			2.4.3 Water and Sanitation
			2.4.4 Health and Nutrition
			2.4.5 Education
			2.4.6 Infrastructure
		2.5 Hydrogeological Hazards Profile and Susceptibility Context in Rwanda
		2.6 Historical Records
		References
	Chapter 3: Description of Rwanda
		3.1 Location and Administrative Division
		3.2 Demography
			3.2.1 Relief and Topography
			3.2.2 Climate
			3.2.3 Hydrology
			3.2.4 Economy
		References
	Chapter 4: Data Preparation for Hazards´ Modeling and Mapping
		4.1 Hazards Inventory System
		4.2 Influencing Factors for Floods and Landslides Occurrence
			4.2.1 Altitude
			4.2.2 Slope Gradient
			4.2.3 Aspect (Slope Orientation)
			4.2.4 Curvature (Slope Curve)
			4.2.5 Proximity to Rivers
			4.2.6 Proximity to Roads
			4.2.7 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
			4.2.8 Stream Power Index (SPI)
			4.2.9 Sediment Transport Index (STI)
			4.2.10 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
			4.2.11 Land Use Land Cover (LULC)
			4.2.12 Soil Texture
			4.2.13 Rainfall
			4.2.14 Lithology
		4.3 Multicollinearity Analysis
		References
	Chapter 5: Susceptibility Modeling and Mapping
		5.1 Flood Susceptibility Modeling and Mapping
			5.1.1 Methods: The Multivariate Logistic Regression (LR) Model
			5.1.2 Spatial Correlation Between Influencing Factors and Flood Occurrence
			5.1.3 Flood Susceptibility Mapping (FSM)
		5.2 Landslide Susceptibility Modeling and Mapping
			5.2.1 Methods: The Bivariate Frequency Ratio (BFR) Model
			5.2.2 Spatial Correlation Between Influencing Factors and Landslide Occurrence per Class
			5.2.3 Prognostic Weights and Ranking of the Factors Based on their Influence Level
			5.2.4 Susceptibility Mapping for Landslide
		5.3 Models´ Accuracy and Validation
		5.4 Limitations and Uncertainties
		References
Part II: Community Perception on Flood and Landslide Risk
	Chapter 6: Introduction
		References
	Chapter 7: Local Community Sampling and Questionnaire
	Chapter 8: Local Community Perception
		8.1 Experience and Belief Toward the Risk and Mitigation
		8.2 Capacity, Concern and Responsibility
		8.3 Mitigation Initiatives and Mechanisms
		References
Part III: General Conclusion and Recommendations
	Chapter 9: Conclusion
	Chapter 10: Recommendations
		10.1 The Government (Ministry in Charge)
		10.2 The Local Community
		10.3 Future Research