Hydrogen Supply Chain: Design, Deployment and Operation

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Hydrogen Supply Chain: Design, Deployment and Operation
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Contents
Contributors
Preface Hydrogen Supply Chains: Design, Deployment, and Operation
	Part I-Exploring the Challenges and Scales of HSC Design, Deployment, and Operation
		Chapter 1: Hydrogen as a Pillar of the Energy Transition
		Chapter 2: Hydrogen Supply Chain Design: Key Technological Components and Sustainable Assessment
		Chapter 3: Assessment of Selected Hydrogen Supply Chains-Factors Determining the Overall GHG Emissions
		Chapter 4: Hydrogen Production From Biogas Reforming: An Overview on Steam Reforming, Dry Reforming, Dual Reforming, and Tr ...
		Chapter 5: Hydrogen Storage for Mobile Application-Technologies and Their Assessment
		Chapter 6: Lowering Energy Spending Together With Compression, Storage, and Transportation Costs for Hydrogen Distribution  ...
		Chapter 7: Hydrogen Applications: Overview of the Key Economic Issues and Perspectives
		Chapter 8: Social Aspects of H2 Supply Chains
		Chapter 9: Power-to-Gas-Concepts, Demonstration and Prospects
	Part II-Exploring Methods and Tools for HSC Design, Deployment, and Operation
		Chapter 10: Methods and Tools for Hydrogen Supply Chain Design
		Chapter 11: Multiobjective Life Cycle Optimization of Hydrogen Supply Chains
		Chapter 12: Engineering Robust Strategy for Solving Optimization Problems of Refinery Hydrogen System
		Chapter 13: Optimal Design of Refinery Hydrogen System With Purification Unit
		Chapter 14: Metamodeling of Hydrogen Supply Chains: A Programmable Structure Based Representation
		Chapter 15: Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Supply Chain-A Case Study for Japanese Automotive Use
		Chapter 16: Risk Analysis of Complex Hydrogen Supply Chains
Part I: Exploring the Challenges and Scales of HSC Design, Deployment, and Operation
	Chapter 1: Hydrogen as a Pillar of the Energy Transition
		1.1. Introduction
		1.2. Major Roles of H2 in the Economy
			1.2.1. Decarbonization of Key Sectors of the Economy
			1.2.2. Hydrogen Supply Chains and the Power-to-Gas (PtG)/Power-to-Hydrogen (PtH) Concept
		1.3. Hydrogen Supply Chains for Mobility Purpose
			1.3.1. Environmental and Energy Benefit
			1.3.2. Hydrogen FCEV
			1.3.3. Hydrogen Safety
		1.4. Deployment Strategies of Hydrogen Supply Chain
			1.4.1. Barriers to be Overcome for Hydrogen Supply Chain Deployment
				1.4.1.1. Economic Barriers
				1.4.1.2. Barriers Related to Social Acceptance and Safety
			1.4.2. Initiatives for Infrastructure Development and Roadmaps
				1.4.2.1. Worldwide Level
				1.4.2.2. European Level
				1.4.2.3. Some National Levels
			1.4.3. Implementation Steps
		1.5. Conclusions
		References
		Further Reading
	Chapter 2: Hydrogen Supply Chain Design: Key Technological Components and Sustainable Assessment
		2.1. Introduction
		2.2. Hydrogen Supply Chains
			2.2.1. H2 Supply Chain as a Feedstock for Industrial Uses
			2.2.2. H2 Supply Chain as a Fuel
		2.3. Multiple Sources to Hydrogen
			2.3.1. Coal
			2.3.2. Natural Gas
			2.3.3. Biomass
			2.3.4. Solar Energy
			2.3.5. Wind
			2.3.6. Hydropower
			2.3.7. Geothermal
			2.3.8. Uranium and Nuclear
		2.4. Multiple Hydrogen Production Modes
			2.4.1. Centralized Versus Distributed Hydrogen Production
			2.4.2. Steam Reforming of Natural Gas (SMR)
			2.4.3. Electrolysis
				2.4.3.1. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolyzer
				2.4.3.2. Alkaline Electrolyzers
				2.4.3.3. Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
			2.4.4. Coal Gasification
			2.4.5. Biomass
			2.4.6. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
				2.4.6.1. Precombustion Capture
				2.4.6.2. Postcombustion Capture
				2.4.6.3. Oxygen Combustion
			2.4.7. Other Hydrogen Production Methods
			2.4.8. Key Parameters of Some Hydrogen Production Technologies
		2.5. Hydrogen Conditioning and Storage
			2.5.1. Gaseous Hydrogen (GH2)
			2.5.2. Liquid Hydrogen (LH2)
			2.5.3. Solid Hydrogen
			2.5.4. Key Factors
		2.6. Hydrogen Transportation
			2.6.1. Hydrogen Pipelines
			2.6.2. Hydrogen Tube Trailers
			2.6.3. Tanker Trucks
			2.6.4. Key Parameters of Some Hydrogen Transportation Modes
		2.7. Hydrogen Refueling Stations
			2.7.1. Key Parameters of Hydrogen Refueling Stations
		2.8. Multiple Objectives in HSC Sustainable Assessment
			2.8.1. Economic Assessment
			2.8.2. Environmental Assessment
			2.8.3. Social Assessment
		2.9. Conclusions
		References
		Further Reading
	Chapter 3: Assessment of Selected Hydrogen Supply Chains-Factors Determining the Overall GHG Emissions
		3.1. Introduction and Scope
		3.2. Background
		3.3. Hydrogen Production and Transportation
			3.3.1. Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
			3.3.2. Electrolysis
			3.3.3. Solid Biomass Gasification
			3.3.4. Hydrogen Transportation
				3.3.4.1. Pipelines
				3.3.4.2. Trucks
					Compressed transportation
					Liquid transportation
		3.4. Assessment of Hydrogen Supply Chains
			3.4.1. Method
			3.4.2. Supply Chains
			3.4.3. Assumptions and Data
				3.4.3.1. Feedstock and Energy Resources
				3.4.3.2. Hydrogen Production
				3.4.3.3. Hydrogen Transportation
				3.4.3.4. Conditioning at the Point of Retail
		3.5. Results
			3.5.1. Energy Demand
			3.5.2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		3.6. Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 4: Hydrogen Production From Biogas Reforming: An Overview of Steam Reforming, Dry Reforming, Dual Reforming, and  ...
		4.1. Introduction
		4.2. Methane Reforming With Steam (SMR) and With a Mixture of Steam/Carbon Dioxide (dual-MR)
			4.2.1. Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Steam Methane Reforming
			4.2.2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Dual Methane Reforming (Dual-MR)
			4.2.3. Steam Methane Reforming: The SMR Process
			4.2.4. Steam Biogas Reforming: The SBR Process
			4.2.5. Kinetic of Steam Methane Reforming
		4.3. Dry Reforming of Methane
			4.3.1. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Aspect
			4.3.2. Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming
				4.3.2.1. Catalyst Supports
				4.3.2.2. Promoters
				4.3.2.3. DRM Kinetic Models
				4.3.2.4. Conclusions and Outlook
		4.4. Tri-Reforming of Methane
			4.4.1. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Aspect
			4.4.2. Catalysts for Methane Tri-Reforming
				4.4.2.1. Catalyst Supports
				4.4.2.2. Promoters
			4.4.3. Tri-reforming of Methane: Kinetic Model
			4.4.4. Conclusions and Outlook
		4.5. General Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 5: Hydrogen Storage for Mobile Application: Technologies and Their Assessment
		5.1. Introduction
		5.2. Hydrogen Storage in Pure Form
			5.2.1. High-Pressure Storage
				5.2.1.1. State of Technology
				5.2.1.2. Characterization
				5.2.1.3. Markets and Perspectives
			5.2.2. Liquid Hydrogen Storage
				5.2.2.1. State of Technology
				5.2.2.2. Characterization
				5.2.2.3. Markets and Perspectives
			5.2.3. Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen
				5.2.3.1. State of Technology
				5.2.3.2. Characterization
				5.2.3.3. Markets and Perspectives
		5.3. Material-Based Storage
			5.3.1. Metal Hydride Storage
				5.3.1.1. Principle
				5.3.1.2. Characterization and Status
				5.3.1.3. Markets and Perspectives
			5.3.2. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC)
				5.3.2.1. Principle
				5.3.2.2. Characterization and Status
				5.3.2.3. Markets and Perspectives
			5.3.3. Metal Organic Framework (MOF)
				5.3.3.1. Principle
				5.3.3.2. Characterization and Status
				5.3.3.3. Markets and Perspectives
			5.3.4. Activated Carbon
				5.3.4.1. Principle
				5.3.4.2. Characterization and Status
				5.3.4.3. Markets and Perspectives
		5.4. Comparison
			5.4.1. Technical Values
				5.4.1.1. Gravimetric Energy Density
				5.4.1.2. Volumetric Energy Density
				5.4.1.3. Overall Energy Density
				5.4.1.4. Well-to-Fuel Cell (WtFC) Efficiency
				5.4.1.5. System Fill Rate
				5.4.1.6. Storage Conditions at Idle State
			5.4.2. Economic Figures
				5.4.2.1. Storage System Costs
				5.4.2.2. Infrastructure Costs
			5.4.3. Market Aspects
				5.4.3.1. Market Proximity Today
				5.4.3.2. Market Proximity 2025/30
				5.4.3.3. Compatibility With the Existing Infrastructure
			5.4.4. R&D Status
		5.5. Final Considerations
		References
		Further Reading
	Chapter 6: Lowering Energy Spending Together With Compression, Storage, and Transportation Costs for Hydrogen Distributio ...
		6.1. Introduction
			6.1.1. Hydrogen Supply Chain and Energy Requirements
			6.1.2. Refueling Principles: Current Practices
			6.1.3. Content and Objectives
		6.2. Technical Data for Compression and Storage
			6.2.1. Thermodynamic Data for Hydrogen
			6.2.2. Compression Work, Isothermal or Adiabatic
			6.2.3. Compression Efficiency
			6.2.4. Cooling Needs
		6.3. Economic Data for Compression and Storage
			6.3.1. Compressor Investment Cost
			6.3.2. Cost of Pressure Vessels
			6.3.3. Preliminary Considerations and Recommendations
		6.4. Case of H2 Distribution on the Production Site
			6.4.1. Current Practices for Refueling: Energy Costs for Reference Cases
			6.4.2. Minimization of the Compression Energy
				6.4.2.1. The Geometric Progression Pressure Cascade
				6.4.2.2. Highlighting of Energy Savings
				6.4.2.3. Energy Savings as a Function of Number of Stages and Tank Pressure
				6.4.2.4. Effect of the Shape of the Pressure Cascade on the Energy Savings
			6.4.3. Effect of Precooling on the Compression Energy
			6.4.4. Necessary Volume of the Buffers
				6.4.4.1. Peak Hour Demand and Buffer Capacity
				6.4.4.2. Analytical Formulation of Buffer Volumes
				6.4.4.3. Buffer Volume With Only 1 Very-High-Pressure Buffer (VHPB) at the Highest Pressure 45MPa or 90MPa (Reference Case)
				6.4.4.4. Buffer Volumes With Staged Pressure
			6.4.5. Cost of the Storage Buffers
			6.4.6. Conclusion for Hydrogen Distribution on the Production Site
		6.5. Case of a Production Unit Supplying Several Distant Refueling Stations
			6.5.1. Potential for Reducing Energy Demand
				6.5.1.1. Distributed Hydrogen Production to Reduce Transportation Distance
				6.5.1.2. Small High-Pressure Light Composite Bottle Transportable Containers
				6.5.1.3. Optimized Use of the Transportable Containers to Fill Vehicle Tanks
			6.5.2. Compression on the Production Site
			6.5.3. Compression on the Distribution Site
			6.5.4. Scenarios for Transportable Container Utilization
				6.5.4.1. Refueling at ptank = 35MPa With Storage Containers at psto = 52.5MPa
				6.5.4.2. Refueling at ptank =35MPa With Storage Containers at psto=30MPa
			6.5.5. Detailed Characteristics and Costs for 20kg/Day Distribution Units
				6.5.5.1. Cooled Compression
				6.5.5.2. High-Pressure Buffer
				6.5.5.3. Transportable Storage Containers
				6.5.5.4. Transportation Material
				6.5.5.5. Labor Cost
			6.5.6. Estimation of Global Costs, Effect of Capacity and Stage Number
				6.5.6.1. Comparison of Reference Case 20MPa Steel Tubes and 30MPa Composite Containers
				6.5.6.2. Comparison Between 30-MPa and 52.5-MPa Composite Storage Containers
		6.6. Conclusion
		Appendix 1. Work for the Progressive Filling of a Storage Container
		Appendix 2. Work for Emptying a Storage Container to a Higher-Pressure Buffer
		Appendix 3. Scenario for Refueling With Several Storage Units at a Higher Initial Pressure Than the Tanks to be Filled
		Appendix 4. Scenario for Refueling With a Compressor, a Buffer and Several Storage Units at a Lower Initial Pressure Than ...
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 7: Hydrogen Applications: Overview of the Key Economic Issues and Perspectives
		7.1. Overview of Hydrogen Applications
			7.1.1. Hydrogen: A Chemical Product and an Energy Carrier
				7.1.1.1. Industry Applications
				7.1.1.2. ``Green´´ Gas Applications
				7.1.1.3. Mobility Applications
				7.1.1.4. Stationary Applications
			7.1.2. The Hydrogen Demand: Today and Tomorrow
				7.1.2.1. Today
				7.1.2.2. Tomorrow
		7.2. The Hydrogen Markets: What is the Economic Equation? What is the Potential?
			7.2.1. The Key Drivers
				7.2.1.1. For Industry
				7.2.1.2. For ``Green´´ Gas
				7.2.1.3. For Mobility
				7.2.1.4. For Stationary Applications
			7.2.2. The Economic Target
				7.2.2.1. What Target Prices?
				7.2.2.2. What Target Costs?
		7.3. Hydrogen Systems: Not a Single Product, But a Provision of Services
			7.3.1. Services for the Electric System
				7.3.1.1. Local Production
				7.3.1.2. Central Production
			7.3.2. Hydrogen to Foster Synergies
		References
		Further Reading
	Chapter 8: Social Aspects of H2 Supply Chains: Hydrogen Technologies Genesis and Development: The Case of Myrte Platform
		8.1. Introduction
		8.2. An Island Context Promoting Innovation
		8.3. When Technology Enters Politics and Politics Enter Technology
		8.4. How to Renegociate the Socio-Technical Network and to Produce Homogeneity
		8.5. Back to the Lab: The Disintegration of Relationships
		8.6. Conclusions
		References
		Further Reading
	Chapter 9: Power-to-Gas-Concepts, Demonstration, and Prospects
		9.1. Introduction
		9.2. Technologies for Power-to-Gas
			9.2.1. Hydrogen Production
			9.2.2. Methane Production
				9.2.2.1. Catalytic
				9.2.2.2. Biologic
			9.2.3. Synthesis Gas Production
			9.2.4. Blending of Hydrogen Into the Natural Gas Grid
		9.3. Power-to-Gas in Europe
		9.4. PtG in Energy Supply Scenarios
		9.5. Outlook
		References
Part II: Exploring Methods and Tools for HSC design, Deployment and Operation
	Chapter 10: Methods and Tools for Hydrogen Supply Chain Design
		10.1. Introduction
		10.2. Methodological Frameworks for Supply Chain Design
			10.2.1. General Decision Levels in a Supply Chain
			10.2.2. Methods for Supply Chain (SC) Management and Design
				10.2.2.1. Linear Formulation
				10.2.2.2. Nonlinear Formulation
				10.2.2.3. Dynamic Programming
				10.2.2.4. Other Methods for Supply Chain Modelling
				10.2.2.5. Multiobjective Formulation
					A Priori Preference Methods
					A Posteriori Preference Methods
					Hybrid Methods
				10.2.2.6. Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Approaches
				10.2.2.7. Supply Chain Network Design Under Uncertainty
		10.3. Design of Hydrogen Supply Chains
			10.3.1. Problem Formulation for HSC Design
				10.3.1.1. Deterministic Optimization Approaches for HSC Design
				10.3.1.2. Multiobjective Optimization and MCDM
				10.3.1.3. Multiperiod Nature
				10.3.1.4. HSC Supply Chain Uncertainty
				10.3.1.5. Sensitivity Analysis
				10.3.1.6. Geographical Information System (GIS)
		10.4. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Multiobjective Life Cycle Optimization of Hydrogen Supply Chains
		11.1. Introduction
		11.2. Mathematical Formulation
			11.2.1. Problem Statement
			11.2.2. Model Equations
				11.2.2.1. Mass Balance
				11.2.2.2. Capacity Constraints
				11.2.2.3. Transport Flows
				11.2.2.4. Objective Function Calculations
					Total Cost
					Environmental Impact
			11.2.3. Solution Procedure
		11.3. Numerical Results
		11.4. Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 12: Robust Engineering Strategy for Solving Optimization Problems of Refinery Hydrogen System
		12.1. Introduction
		12.2. Problem Statement and Description of the Hydrogen System
		12.3. Mathematical Model and Solving Method
			12.3.1. Objective Function
			12.3.2. Hydrogen Pipeline Model
			12.3.3. Momentum Balance Equation
			12.3.4. Constraints for Hydrogen Sources and Demands
			12.3.5. The MPEC Method
		12.4. Robust Implementation Strategy
			12.4.1. Precision Validation of the Model
			12.4.2. Efficiency Validation of the Solution Method
			12.4.3. Effect Validation of the Operational Optimization
			12.4.4. Execution Validation on Field
			12.4.5. Demonstration of the Execution Validation on Field
		12.5. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 13: Optimal Design of Refinery Hydrogen System With Purification Unit
		13.1. Introduction
		13.2. Hydrogen System of Refinery Plant
			13.2.1. Typical Hydrogen Consumers
			13.2.2. Typical Hydrogen Producers
			13.2.3. Industrial Hydrogen Purification Process
		13.3. Targeting Hydrogen Network via Pinch Technique
			13.3.1. Model for Hydrogen Network With One Purifier
			13.3.2. Improved Problem Table
		13.4. Design of Hydrogen Network via Mathematical Programming Approach
			13.4.1. Problem Statement
			13.4.2. Mathematical Model
				13.4.2.1. Formulations Related to the uth Hydrogen Utility
				13.4.2.2. Formulations Related to the sth Hydrogen Source
				13.4.2.3. Formulations Related to the ith Compressor
				13.4.2.4. Formulations Related to the pth Purifier
				13.4.2.5. Formulations Related to the kth Hydrogen Sink
				13.4.2.6. Formulations Related to the Fuel System
				13.4.2.7. Connection and Pressure Constraints
				13.4.2.8. Objective Functions
			13.4.3. Case Study
		13.5. Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 14: Metamodeling of Hydrogen Supply Chains: A Programmable Structure Based Representation
		14.1. Introduction
			14.1.1. Basic Approaches for Modeling of Hydrogen Supply Chains
			14.1.2. Typical Elements of Hydrogen Supply Chains
			14.1.3. Challenges of Process Modeling for Hydrogen Supply Chain Design and Operation
		14.2. Programmable Structure Based Representation of Process Systems
			14.2.1. Methodology of Direct Computer Mapping Based Programmable Structures
			14.2.2. Recent Implementation of Programmable Structures
			14.2.3. Previous and Ongoing Applications of Programmable Structures
		14.3. Process Network and Example for a Simplified Hydrogen Supply Chain
			14.3.1. Network and Net Representations of Process Systems
			14.3.2. Illustration of a Simple Hydrogen Supply Chain Process Network
		14.4. Generation of the Programmable Structure for a Simple Example Hydrogen Supply Chain
			14.4.1. Declaration of the Metaprototypes
			14.4.2. Definition of an Example Network
			14.4.3. Generation of the Programmable Structure Into a Graphml File
		14.5. Programming and Initialization of the Example Structural Model
		14.6. Interpretation of the Example Model and Preparation for Simulation-Based Problem Solving
		14.7. Execution of the Dynamic Simulation of Programmable Structure
		14.8. Representation of Possibility (Design) Space and Evaluations in the Programmable Structure
			14.8.1. Embedding Possibilities in the State and Transition Elements
			14.8.2. Embedding Elementary Evaluations in the State and Transition Elements
		14.9. Conclusions and Further Work
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 15: Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Supply Chain: A Case Study for Japanese Automotive Use
		15.1. Introduction
		15.2. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis in Brief
		15.3. Case Study for Japanese WTW Emissions
			15.3.1. Overview
			15.3.2. Renewable Power Generation in Hydrogen Producing Countries
			15.3.3. Renewable Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis
			15.3.4. Hydrogen Energy Carriers
				15.3.4.1. Liquid Hydrogen
				15.3.4.2. Methylcyclohexane
			15.3.5. Supply Chain for Hydrogen Produced by NG Reforming
			15.3.6. Hydrogen Fueling of FCVs
			15.3.7. Supply Chain for Gasoline
			15.3.8. TtW Performance of the Target Vehicles
		15.4. Results and Discussion
			15.4.1. WtT GHG Emissions for Hydrogen Carriers
				15.4.1.1. Liquid Hydrogen
				15.4.1.2. Methylcyclohexane
			15.4.2. Variation of Hydrogen WtT GHG Emissions
			15.4.3. WtW GHG Emissions of the Target Vehicles
		15.5. Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 16: Risk Analysis of Complex Hydrogen Supply Chains
		16.1. Introduction
		16.2. Layout of a Model HSC
		16.3. Functional Modeling
			16.3.1. Functional Modeling of Hydrogen Supply Chains
			16.3.2. Hazard Identification
			16.3.3. Support by Geographic Information Systems
			16.3.4. Combination With Methods for Sustainability Assessment
		16.4. Dynamic Risk Analysis
		16.5. HSC Modeling Including Safety Risk
			16.5.1. Risks Analyzed
		16.6. Conclusions
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index
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