Hydrocarbons in Crystalline Rocks (Geological Society Special Publication No. 214)

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks: an introduction......Page 8
Fig. 1. The distribution of hydrocarbons in and around igneous rocks according .........Page 9
Hydrocarbon occurrence and exploration in and around igneous rocks......Page 14
Fig. 1. 'Stratigraphic' trap in a volcanic-filled basin. The basin-centre lacustrine facies .........Page 16
Fig. 2. Laccolith end members. A punched laccolith moves its overburden vertically .........Page 21
Fig. 3. The oil field at Wichian Buri, Phetchabun Basin, Thailand (see inset map), is an excellent .........Page 23
Fig. 5. Pilot Knob, one of the Texas 'serpentine plugs' exposed immediately .........Page 24
Table 2. Lytton Springs, Texas 'serpentine plug' oil field reservoir data......Page 25
Table 1. Geothermal gradients and heat flow in basins with igneous activity......Page 19
Table 3. Sonic velocities of igneous rocks......Page 27
Table 4. Log evaluation of igneous rocks......Page 31
Occurrences of hydrocarbons in and around igneous rocks......Page 42
Fig 1. Map showing the worldwide geographical distributions of hydrocarbons associated with .........Page 43
Table 1. Hydrocarbons associated with igneous rocks or igneous activity......Page 44
Table 2. Hydrocarbons beneath igneous rocks......Page 62
Volcanic reservoir rocks of northwestern Honshu island, Japan......Page 76
Fig. 2. Map of the oil-producing regions of Japan.......Page 77
Fig. 3. Geological cross-sections through northern Akita district, Japan (from Ikebe 1963).......Page 78
Fig. 4. Generalized stratigraphical column with oil and gas producing horizons in Niigata district .........Page 79
Fig. 5. NE–SW geological section through Mitsuke and Minami Nagaoka fields, Niigata district .........Page 80
Fig. 7. Porosity–permeability relationship of volcanic reservoirs in the Niigata district (from .........Page 81
Fig. 8. Schematic model showing the history at three stages during the deposition .........Page 82
Fig. 9. Porosity–depth and calculated pressure–depth plots of Shiunji gas field, Niigata district .........Page 83
Fig. 10. Calculated fluid-pressure profile in Mitsuke Field, Niigata (from Magara 1978).......Page 84
Fig. 11. Calculated fluid-pressure profile in Fujikawa–Kumoide Fields, Niigata (from Magara 1978).......Page 85
Fig. 12 Schematic diagram showing maximum sealing pressure P[sub(sh)] and excess Hydrocarbon .........Page 86
Fig. 14 Relationship between porosity and depth of burial for shales and argillaceous .........Page 87
Oil and gas production from basement reservoirs: examples from Indonesia, USA and Venezuela......Page 90
Fig. 1. Locations of Indonesian oil fields producing from pre-Tertiary basement rocks.......Page 91
Fig. 2. Structural cross-section through the Beruk northeast field, Sumatra. (Koning and Darmono, 1984).......Page 92
Fig. 4. The general stratigraphy of the Tanjung field, Kalamantan (Koning, 2000).......Page 93
Fig. 5. Structure on top of basement, Tanjung field, Kalamantan (Koning, 2000).......Page 94
Fig. 7. Kansas basement oil production. Oil is produced from Precambrian basement .........Page 95
Fig. 8. Map showing the main Californian gas and oil wells of El Segundo .........Page 96
Fig. 9. Cross-section through the El Segundo field, California. The reservoir is in fractured .........Page 97
Fig. 11. Vertical section through the La Paz field, Venezuela. (Landes et al. 1960).......Page 98
Controls on primary porosity and permeability development in igneous rocks......Page 100
Fig. 1. Plot of the variation in crustal permeability expressed as Δk[sub(C)] .........Page 101
Fig. 2. Permeability–porosity variations in vesicular volcanic rocks (Holocene–Pleistocene basaltic andesite .........Page 104
Fig. 3. Weathered contact (Red Bole) between two Tertiary basalt lava flows .........Page 105
Fig. 4. Top surface of the c. 2–3 m thick Tajao phonolite ignimbrite .........Page 106
Fig. 5. Porosity–density versus depth variations in the Bishop Tuff welded ignimbrite .........Page 107
Fig. 6. Cumulative percentage porosity as a function of grain size for two granite .........Page 108
Fig. 7. Closely spaced sheet joints (generally <10cm), in the Cordillera Blanca batholith .........Page 109
Fig. 9. Subvertical, late-stage (magmatic) cross-cutting aplite veins in the margin of the Cordillera .........Page 110
Fig. 10. Plots showing the average (filled circles) and range in values of diffusive .........Page 111
Table 2. Compilation showing the general range of values of primary porosity .........Page 103
Fracture formation and evolution in crystalline rocks: Insights from attribute analysis......Page 116
Fig. 1. Typical population plots for fracture attribute distributions. Solid line ideal distribution .........Page 119
Fig. 2. Location maps for the data sets presented in this study .........Page 121
Fig. 3. Population plots for vein and greisen thickness data from SW England.......Page 122
Fig. 4. Vein and greisen spacing distributions from SW England.......Page 123
Fig. 5. Vein thickness and joint aperture distributions in igneous rocks from the Vung Tau region, Vietnam.......Page 124
Fig. 6. Vein and joint aperture spacing data from the Vung Tau region, Vietnam.......Page 125
Fig. 7. Representative fracture spacing data from the More Trondelag Fault complex, Norway.......Page 126
Fig. 8. Variation in fracture spatial properties in igneous lithologies from the Vung .........Page 127
Fig. 9. Variation of the exponent from the fracture spacing distribution and fracture .........Page 129
Table 1. A summary of sample lines and fracture attribute data used in this study......Page 117
Characterization of rough-walled fractures in crystalline rocks......Page 132
Fig. 1. The software framework for characterization of rough fractures in crystalline rocks .........Page 133
Fig. 2. (a) The procedure for creating high fidelity polymer models (HFPMs). (b) HFPM .........Page 135
Fig. 3. The quality of reproduction of the fracture surfaces of sample .........Page 136
Fig. 5. Fluid calibration. The calibration curve, which is linear thereby obeying the Lambert–Beer Law.......Page 137
Fig. 6. An image of the HFPM during measurement by fracture surface .........Page 139
Fig. 7. Approaches in the matching of fracture surfaces, (a) Upper: well matched .........Page 140
Fig. 8. Profiled and numerical fracture results for Sample B (syenite), (a), Rough fracture surface .........Page 143
Fig. 9. Basic statistics (from ParaFrac™) for rough rock fracture apertures; all .........Page 144
Fig. 10. (a) Mean synthetic fracture aperture as a function of the standard deviation .........Page 145
Fig. 11. Power spectral density (PSD) ratio plots for derivation of fracture parameters .........Page 146
Table 2. Rock fractures tested with the new method......Page 134
Table 3. Technical difficulties encountered during the imaging process and their solutions .........Page 138
Thermally induced primary fracture development in tabular granitic plutons: a preliminary analysis......Page 150
Fig. 1. ∂u[sub(1)]/∂x[sub(1)] strain for large times calculated using equation (3a). Note the negative .........Page 151
Fig. 3. Plot showing the strain magnitude e as a function of position for large times; .........Page 152
Fig. 4. Plot of the ratio of the major and minor principal strain .........Page 154
Fig. 6. Plot showing the measured thickness (T) versus length (L) for 159 .........Page 155
A review of the occurrence and origin of abiogenic hydrocarbons in igneous rocks......Page 158
Fig. 1. A δ[sup(13)]C[sub(CH[sub(4)])]–δD[sub(CH[sub(4)])] diagram showing where reported abiogenically generated hydrocarbons fall in respect .........Page 168
Fig. 2. (a) A schematic diagram showing phase relations in the C–O–H system at fixed .........Page 170
Fig. 3. A plot of log normalized hydrocarbon abundances (mol%) against increasing .........Page 173
Fig. 4. A plot showing the distribution of δ[sup(13)]C values with increasing carbon .........Page 176
Table 1. A summary of reports on abiogenic hydrocarbon occurrences in a variety of igneous rocks......Page 159
Table 2. Bulk gas analyses of abiogenic hydrocarbons in igneous rocks, in vol%, from the literature......Page 163
Table 3. Bulk gas analyses of abiogenic hydrocarbons in igneous rocks, in cm[sup(3)]/kg, from the literature......Page 166
Table 4. A summary of isotopic data reported for abiogenic hydrocarbon-bearing fluids from various igneous terranes......Page 167
Table 5. Carbon number ratios......Page 175
Coupled mineral–fluid evolution of a basin and high: kaolinization in the SW England granites in relation to the development of the Plymouth Basin......Page 182
Fig. 1. Geological map illustrating the distribution of granite types in the western .........Page 183
Fig. 2. Contoured stereonet illustrating the distribution of kaolin quartz vein poles .........Page 185
Fig. 3. (a) SEM/SEI micrograph illustrating kaolin crystals inside a kaolin vein. (b) Field .........Page 186
Fig. 4. (a) Optical microscope micrograph illustrating the quartz crystals selected for the fluid .........Page 187
Fig. 5. Oxygen stable isotope compositions obtained in situ from the quartz .........Page 190
Fig. 6. Plot of kaolin δ[sup(18)]O–δD compositions from the kaolin deposits of SW England......Page 192
Fig. 7. (a) Oxygen stable isotope fractionation curve for kaolin (δ[sup(18)]O 19.5%o). (b) Hydrogen .........Page 193
Fig. 8. Schematic illustration showing alternative sources of mineralizing fluids involved in the kaolinization .........Page 195
Fig. 9. (a) Temperature versus time curve for the present-day surface of the St Austell .........Page 197
Table 1. Summary of microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in quartz cores in kaolin veins......Page 188
Table 2. Kaolin stable isotope compositions measured using conventional techniques......Page 189
Fracture-dominated flow in the Borrowdale Volcanic Group at Sellafield, NW England: the identification of potential flowing features, development of conceptual models and derivation of effective parameters......Page 204
Fig. 1. (a) Sellafield location and Nirex earth science investigation areas, (b) Topography of the area around Sellafield.......Page 205
Fig. 3. SW–NE geological section through the Sellafield Site (position of cross-section indicated on Fig. 2).......Page 206
Fig. 4. Plot of length against number per km[sup(2)] for two representative surface .........Page 210
Fig. 5. The locations of PFF clusters, flow zones and major identified faults .........Page 213
Fig. 7. Cathodoluminescence photomicrograph of a part of a PFF. It shows finely zoned bright .........Page 214
Fig. 8. Orientated PFF data for the Borrowdale Volcanic Group with a Terzaghi .........Page 216
Fig. 9. Profiles of Wireline Property Log, Stoneley wave coefficient, location of flow zones .........Page 217
Fig. 10. Contoured drawdown at 2,110 hours into the long-term Borrowdale Volcanic .........Page 218
Fig. 12. Comparison of distribution of PFFs with that which would be obtained assuming a Poisson Distribution.......Page 219
Fig. 13. Alternative models for the connectivity of flowing feature clusters in the Borrowdale .........Page 220
Table 1. Pre-Quaternary stratigraphy in the local Sellafield area......Page 207
Table 2. Mineralization episodes in the Sellafield area......Page 215
Table 3. Regional scale Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) effective permeabilities in the Sellafield .........Page 223
Modelling fracture systems in extensional crystalline basement......Page 228
Fig. 2. Typical schematic section over the Cuu Long basin in SW Vietnam .........Page 229
Fig. 3. Outcrop granites at Camly Park (SW Vietnam), showing cooling fractures in section .........Page 230
Fig. 4. Diagram showing primary fracture patterns in granitic rocks (after Cloos 1922).......Page 231
Fig. 5. Shear fractures (diffusely distributed) in rhyolite (a) and subseismic fault (b) in granite .........Page 232
Fig. 7. Two-dimensional model showing crustal-scale extensional fault creating a basin. EET .........Page 235
Fig. 9. Three scenarios with different EET and fault offset. (A) 5 km offset .........Page 236
Fig. 10. (A) Three-dimensional geological model showing variable offset along a fault plane .........Page 237
Fig. 11. Map view of three-dimensional model of Figure 10, showing strain values due .........Page 238
Fig. 12. Fracture patterns from the simulation (see text): (A) three-dimensional view; (B) plan .........Page 239
Fig. 13. Main fault plane with associated fracture damage zone as modelled in Fracture Generator. .........Page 240
D......Page 244
H......Page 245
M......Page 246
P......Page 247
U......Page 248
W......Page 249