Hybrid Nanofluids for Convection Heat Transfer

Cover
Hybrid Nanofluids for Convection Heat Transfer
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Biography
1 History and introduction
	1.1 History
		1.1.1 Conventional methods to enhance heat transfer
		1.1.2 Microscale additives in fluids
		1.1.3 Nanoscale additives in fluids
		1.1.4 Nanoscale particles and nanofluids
			1.1.4.1 Properties
				1.1.4.1.1 Optical properties
				1.1.4.1.2 Antibacterial properties
				1.1.4.1.3 Catalytic properties
	1.2 Introduction
		1.2.1 Fundamental of conduction
		1.2.2 Fundamental of convection
		1.2.3 Fundamental of radiation
		1.2.4 Fundamental of viscosity
		1.2.5 Fundamental of density
		1.2.6 Fundamental of heat capacity
	1.3 Nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid
		1.3.1 Unique characteristics of hybrid nanofluid
			1.3.1.1 Comparison of hybrid nanoparticles and conventional nanoparticles
		1.3.2 Microscale heat transfer
		1.3.3 Nanoscale heat transfer
			1.3.3.1 Higher thermal conductivity of the particles than the base fluid
			1.3.3.2 Formation of a solid layer at the interface surface
			1.3.3.3 Electrical charge on particle surface
			1.3.3.4 Brownian motion of the particles
			1.3.3.5 Thermophoresis
			1.3.3.6 Diffusiophoresis
			1.3.3.7 Special characteristics of particle flow
			1.3.3.8 Shape of the particle, distribution, size, and formation of the masses
			1.3.3.9 Clustering of nanoparticles
			1.3.3.10 Analysis of convection in nanofluids
				1.3.3.10.1 Diffusion model
				1.3.3.10.2 Particle migration effect
	1.4 Conclusion
	Nomenclature
	References
2 Hybrid nanofluids preparation method
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methods of nanoparticles synthesis
		2.2.1 Bottom-up
			2.2.1.1 Sol–gel method
				2.2.1.1.1 The sol–gel process steps
					2.2.1.1.1.1 Preparation of a homogenous solution
					2.2.1.1.1.2 Formation of the sol
					2.2.1.1.1.3 Formation of the gel
			2.2.1.2 Chemical vapor deposition
				2.2.1.2.1 Types of chemical vapor deposition methods
				2.2.1.2.2 Thermal chemical vapor deposition
				2.2.1.2.3 Metal organic chemical vapor deposition
				2.2.1.2.4 Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
				2.2.1.2.5 Atomic layer chemical vapor deposition
			2.2.1.3 Hydrothermal
				2.2.1.3.1 Types of hydrothermal methods
					2.2.1.3.1.1 Methods based on the use of organic additives
					2.2.1.3.1.2 Methods based on the use of mold
					2.2.1.3.1.3 Substrate-based methods
					2.2.1.3.1.4 Heating methods in hydrothermal method
		2.2.2 Top-down
			2.2.2.1 Nanolithography
				2.2.2.1.1 Optical lithography
				2.2.2.1.2 Electron beam nanolithography
				2.2.2.1.3 Scanning probe microscope lithography
			2.2.2.2 Milling process
				2.2.2.2.1 Vibratory ball mill
				2.2.2.2.2 Attritor ball mill
				2.2.2.2.3 Tumber horizontal
					2.2.2.2.3.1 Tumber horizontal ball mill
					2.2.2.2.3.2 Tumber rod mill
				2.2.2.2.4 Plantarry mill
	2.3 Nanoparticles
		2.3.1 Properties of nanoparticles
		2.3.2 Effect of nanoparticles volume fraction
	2.4 Choosing an appropriate base fluid
	2.5 Nanoparticle combination
	2.6 Hybrid nanofluid preparation
		2.6.1 Single-step method
		2.6.2 Two step method
			2.6.2.1 Addition of surfactants
			2.6.2.2 Nanofluid pH control
			2.6.2.3 Ultrasonic vibration
	2.7 Conclusions and future direction
	References
3 Thermophysical and rheological properties of hybrid nanofluids
	3.1 Thermal conductivity
		3.1.1 Measurement techniques
		3.1.2 Theory
		3.1.3 Experimental results
	3.2 Viscosity
		3.2.1 Measurement techniques
		3.2.2 Theory
		3.2.3 Experimental results
	3.3 Heat capacity
		3.3.1 Measurement techniques
		3.3.2 Theory
		3.3.3 Experimental results
	3.4 Density
		3.4.1 Measurement techniques
		3.4.2 Theory
		3.4.3 Experimental results
	3.5 Wetting
	3.6 Comparison of unitary and hybrid nanofluids
	3.7 Challenges and conclusions
	References
4 Hybrid nanofluids as a heat transferring media
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Natural convection heat transfer
	4.3 Forced convection heat transfer
		4.3.1 Single-phase and two-phase forced convection heat transfer
			4.3.1.1 Single-phase
			4.3.1.2 Two-phase
	4.4 Heat transfer in porous media
	4.5 Theoretical studies and models for prediction of heat transfer
	4.6 Concluding remarks
	Nomenclature
	Greek letters
	Subscript
	References
5 Performance effecting parameters of hybrid nanofluids
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nanoparticle concentration
	5.3 Basefluid
	5.4 Temperature
	5.5 Sonication time
	5.6 Surfactant addition
	5.7 Particle size
	5.8 Brownian motion of nanoparticles
	5.9 Particle shape
	5.10 pH value
	5.11 Clustering effect
	5.12 Conclusion
	References
6 Applications of hybrid nanofluids in different fields
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Main applications of hybrid nanofluids
		6.2.1 Solar energy
		6.2.2 Refrigeration and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning applications
		6.2.3 Heat exchanger
		6.2.4 Heat pipes
		6.2.5 Coolant in machining and manufacturing
		6.2.6 Electronic cooling
		6.2.7 Automotive industry
		6.2.8 Generator cooling
		6.2.9 Transformer cooling
		6.2.10 Nuclear system cooling
		6.2.11 Biomedical
		6.2.12 Space, Ships, and defense
	6.3 Conclusions
	Nomenclature
		Abbreviations
		Symbols
	References
7 Barriers and challenges in hybrid nanofluids development and implementation
	7.1 Stability of hybrid nanofluids
		7.1.1 Stability enhancement procedures
	7.2 Viscosity and thermal conductivity modeling techniques for hybrid nanofluids
		7.2.1 Viscosity modeling techniques for hybrid nanofluids
		7.2.2 Thermal conductivity modeling techniques for hybrid nanofluids
	7.3 Nanoparticles dispersion in hybrid nanofluids
		7.3.1 Pairs of nanoparticles
		7.3.2 Hybrid nanocomposites
		7.3.3 Other approaches
	7.4 Pumping power studies and approach on hybrid nanofluids
		7.4.1 Pumping power comparison for water based hybrid nanofluids: theoretical approach
			7.4.1.1 Pumping power comparison for several water based hybrid nanofluids: a numerical approach
	7.5 Selection of proper hybrid nanofluids
		7.5.1 Selection of suitable pairs of nanomaterials or hybrid materials
		7.5.2 Selection of base fluids
	7.6 pH control of hybrid nanofluids
	7.7 Conclusion and perspectives
	Nomenclature
		Abbreviations
		Roman letters
		Greek letters
		Subscripts
	References
Index
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