HVAC Systems Testing Adjusting & Balancing 3rd Edition

THIRD EDITION — AUGUST, 2002......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
TASK FORCE......Page 6
NOTICE TO USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION......Page 7
CHAPTERS......Page 11
TABLES......Page 14
FIGURES......Page 16
1.2 THE TAB TECHNICIAN/TEAM......Page 23
1.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS......Page 24
2.1 HEAT FLOW......Page 27
FIGURE 2-2 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER......Page 28
FIGURE 2-4 PARALLEL FLOW AIR- STREAMS......Page 29
FIGURE 2-6 PARALLEL AND COUNTERFLOW HEAT TRANSFER CURVES......Page 30
2.2 PSYCHROMETRICS......Page 32
FIGURE 2-7 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART (I-P)......Page 35
FIGURE 2-8 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART - TYPICAL CONDITION POINTS (SI)......Page 36
FIGURE 2-9 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART - TYPICAL CONDITION POINTS......Page 37
FIGURE 2-10 SENSIBLE HEATING AND COOLING (I-P)......Page 38
FIGURE 2-11 HUMIDIFICATION AND DEHUMIDIFICATION (I-P)......Page 39
FIGURE 2-12 PSYCHROMETRIC CHART - PROCESSES......Page 40
FIGURE 2-14 HEATING AND HUMIDIFICATION......Page 41
FIGURE 2-15 MIXING OF TWO AIRSTREAMS (SI)......Page 43
2.3 FLUID MECHANICS......Page 45
FIGURE 2-16 TANK STATIC HEAD......Page 46
FIGURE 2-17 VELOCITY PROFILE......Page 47
FIGURE 2-18 PRESSURE CHANGES DURING FLOW IN DUCTS......Page 48
FIGURE 2-19 SAMPLE FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENT TABLE......Page 50
FIGURE 2-20 PUMP WITH STATIC HEAD AND SUCTION HEAD......Page 54
FIGURE 2-21 PUMP WITH SUCTION LIFT......Page 55
3.2 ELECTRICAL SERVICES......Page 59
FIGURE 3-2 SINGLE-PHASE AC SERVICE......Page 60
FIGURE 3-3 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE-TIME CURVES AND POWER FACTOR......Page 61
FIGURE 3-6 120/208-VOL T FOUR-WIRE WYE CIRCUIT......Page 62
3.4 MOTORS......Page 63
FIGURE 3-8 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE OF STANDARD SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS......Page 65
3.5 MOTOR CONTROLS......Page 66
FIGURE 3-9 INTERLOCKED STARTERS WITH CONTROL TRANSFORMERS......Page 67
FIGURE 3-10 VFD ADDED TO EXIST-ING AIR HANDLING UNIT......Page 68
4.1 AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS......Page 71
4.2 CONTROL LOOPS......Page 72
FIGURE 4-1 VALVE THROTTLING CHARACTERISTIC COMPARISON......Page 73
FIGURE 4-3 TYPICAL MULTIBLADE DAMPERS......Page 74
4.4 CONTROL RELATIONSHIPS......Page 75
4.6 TAB/ATC RELATIONSHIP......Page 76
FIGURE 4-4 DESKTOP COMPUTER DISPLAYING STATUS OF BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS......Page 77
FIGURE 4-5 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM A CENTRALIZED COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM......Page 78
FIGURE 4-6 HVAC CONTROLS PANEL WITH ORIGINAL PNEUMATIC CONTROLS......Page 79
FIGURE 4-8 PORTABLE COMPUTER PLUGGED INTO ELECTRONIC WALL THERMOSTAT......Page 80
FIGURE 5-2 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR FC FANS......Page 85
FIGURE 5-5 AXIAL FAN COMPONENTS......Page 86
FIGURE 5-8 TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FAN......Page 87
FIGURE 5-11 FAN CLASS STAN- DARDS (SI) (SW BI FANS)......Page 88
FIGURE 5-12 DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR CENTRIFUGAL FANS......Page 89
Table 5-1 Typical Fan Rating Table......Page 91
FIGURE 5-13 ARRANGEMENT 1 IN-LINE FANS......Page 92
FIGURE 5-15 ARRANGEMENT 9 IN-LINE FANS......Page 93
5.3 FAN AIRFLOW AND PRESSURES......Page 94
FIGURE 5-17 DIRECTION OF ROTATION AND DISCHARGE......Page 95
FIGURE 5-19 FAN STATIC PRES-SURE (SP)......Page 96
5.4 FAN/SYSTEM CURVE RELATIONSHIP......Page 97
FIGURE 5-23 OPERATING POINT......Page 98
FIGURE 5-25 FAN LAW - RPM CHANGE......Page 99
FIGURE 5-26 EFFECT OF DENSITY CHANGE (CONSTANT VOLUME)......Page 100
5.5 FAN CAPACITY RATINGS......Page 101
FIGURE 5-29 EFFECT OF DENSITY CHANGE (CONSTANT MASS FLOW)......Page 102
FIGURE 5-30 EFFECTS OF SYSTEM EFFECT......Page 103
FIGURE 5-32 NON-UNIFORM FLOW CONDITIONS INTO FAN INLET......Page 104
6.1 AIR TERMINAL BOXES......Page 107
FIGURE 6-1 CONSTANT VOLUME FAN-POWERED BOX......Page 108
6.3 OTHER AIRFLOW DEVICES......Page 109
FIGURE 6-3 MULTIBLADE VOLUME DAMPERS......Page 110
FIGURE 6-4  FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR A PARALLEL OPERATING DAMPER......Page 111
Table 6-1 Typical Ratios of Damper to System Resistance for Flow Characteristic Curve......Page 112
FIGURE 6-6 VOLUME DAMPERS......Page 113
FIGURE 6-7 SURFACE (COANDA) EFFECT......Page 114
6.5 ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION......Page 115
FIGURE 6-8 SOME ELEMENTS AFFECTING BODY HEAT LOSS......Page 116
FIGURE 6-9 FOUR ZONES IN JET EXPANSION......Page 117
Table 6-2 Guide to Use of Various Outlets......Page 118
Table 6-3 Recommended Return Air Inlet Face Velocities......Page 120
Table 6-6 Return Registers Total Pressure Loss Average—in. wg (Pa)......Page 121
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 125
7.2 TYPES OF AIR SYSTEMS......Page 126
FIGURE 7-2 TYPICAL EQUIPMENT FOR SINGLE ZONE DUCT SYSTEM......Page 127
FIGURE 7-3 VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV) SYSTEM......Page 128
FIGURE 7-4 TERMINAL REHEAT SYSTEM......Page 129
FIGURE 7-5 INDUCTION REHEAT SYSTEM......Page 130
FIGURE 7-6 DUAL DUCT HIGH VELOCITY SYSTEM......Page 131
FIGURE 7-7 MULTI-ZONE SYSTEM......Page 132
7.3 AIR SYSTEM DESIGN......Page 133
FIGURE 7-8 SYSTEM LAYOUT (I-P UNITS)......Page 135
FIGURE 7-9 SYSTEM LAYOUT (SI)......Page 136
FIGURE 7-10 FAN DUCT CONNECTIONS......Page 138
FIGURE 8-1 TYPICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CROSS SECTION......Page 141
FIGURE 8-2 DESCRIPTIONS OF CNTRIFUGAL PUMPS USED IN HYDRONIC SYSTEMS......Page 142
Table 8-2 Characteristics of Common Types of Pumps......Page 143
FIGURE 8-3 COUPLING ALIGNMENT WITH STRAIGHT EDGE......Page 144
FIGURE 8-4 TYPICAL REQUIRED NPSH CURVE......Page 146
FIGURE 8-5 PUMP CURVE FOR 1750 RPM OPERATION......Page 147
FIGURE 8-7 SYSTEM CURVE PLOTTED ON PUMP CURVE......Page 148
FIGURE 8-10 SYSTEM CURVE FOR OPEN CIRCUIT FALSE OPERATING POINT......Page 149
FIGURE 8-12 PUMP OPERATING POINTS......Page 150
8.3 PUMP INSTALLATION CRITERIA......Page 151
FIGURE 8-17 RELATIVE GAGE ELEVATIONS......Page 152
8.4 HYDRONIC HEATING AND COOLING SOURCES......Page 153
8.5 TERMINAL HEATING AND COOLING UNTS......Page 154
9.1 HYDRONIC SYSTEMS......Page 159
FIGURE 9-2 A ONE-PIPE SYSTEM......Page 160
FIGURE 9-4 REVERSE RETURN TWO-PIPE SYSTEM......Page 161
FIGURE 9-5 EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PUMPING CIRCUITS......Page 162
FIGURE 9-7 FOUR PIPE SYSTEM ROOM UNIT......Page 163
FIGURE 9-8 BOILER PIPING FOR A MULTIPLE-ZONE, MULTIPLE-PURPOSE HEATING SYSTEM......Page 165
9.2 HYDRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN......Page 166
FIGURE 9- 9 WATER COOLED CONDENSER CONNECTIONS FOR CITY WATER......Page 170
FIGURE 9-10 COOLING TOWER PIPING SYSTEM......Page 171
9.4 STEAM SYSTEMS......Page 172
FIGURE 9-11 BASIC PIPING CIRCUITS FOR GRAVITY FLOW OF CONDENSATE......Page 173
FIGURE 9-13 TYPICAL TWO-PIPE VACUUM STEAM SYSTEM......Page 174
FIGURE 9-15 INVERTER BUCKET TRAP......Page 175
FIGURE 9-17 TYPICAL CONNECTIONS TO FINNED TUBE HEATING COLIS......Page 176
10.1 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS......Page 179
10.2 REFRIGERATION TERMS AND COMPONENTS......Page 180
10.6 THERMAL BULBS AND SUPERHEAT......Page 182
FIGURE 10-2 LOCATIONS OF THERMAL BULBS......Page 183
10.7 COMPRESSOR SHORT CYCLING......Page 184
FIGURE 11-1 U-TUBE MANOMETER EQUIPPED WITH OVER-PRESSURE TRAPS......Page 187
FIGURE 11-3 ELECTRONIC/ MULTI-METER......Page 188
FIGURE 11-4 PITOT TUBE CONNECTIONS......Page 189
FIGURE 11-5 PITOT TUBE......Page 190
FIGURE 11-6 MAGNEHELIC GAGE......Page 191
FIGURE 11-8 ELECTRONIC ANALOG ROTATING VANE ANEMOMETER......Page 192
FIGURE 11-10 THERMAL ANEMOMETER......Page 193
FIGURE 11-1 1 FLOW MEASURING HOOD......Page 194
11.3 PRESSURE GAGE, CALIBRATED......Page 195
FIGURE 11-12 CALIBRATED PRESSURE GAGES......Page 196
Table 11-3 Hydronic Measuring Instruments......Page 197
FIGURE 11-14 SINGLE GAGE BEING USED TO MEASURE A DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE......Page 198
Table 11-4 Rotation Measuring Instruments......Page 199
FIGURE 11-17 DIGITAL CONTACT TACHOMETER......Page 200
FIGURE 11-20 MULTI-RANGE, DUAL FUNCTION (OPTICAL/CONTACT TACHOMETER)......Page 201
Table 11-5 Instrumentation for Air & Hydronic Balancing......Page 202
Table 11-6 Instruments for Air Balancing......Page 203
FIGURE 11-22 DIAL THERMOMETER......Page 204
FIGURE 11-25 INFRARED DIGITAL THERMOMETER......Page 205
FIGURE 11-27 ELECTRONIC THERMOMETER......Page 206
Table 11-7 Temperature Measuring Instruments......Page 207
11.6 ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS......Page 208
FIGURE 11-31 CLAMP-ON VOLT AMMETER......Page 209
11.8 HYDRONIC FLOW MEASURING DEVICES......Page 210
FIGURE 11-33 ORIFICE AS A MEASURING DEVICE......Page 211
FIGURE 11-36 CALIBRATED BALANCING VALVE......Page 212
12.2 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS......Page 215
12.3 SYSTEM REVIEW AND ANALYSIS......Page 216
FIGURE 12-1 SCHEMATIC DUCT SYSTEM LAYOUT......Page 217
12.4 THE AGENDA......Page 218
12.5 PLANNING FIELD TAB PROCEDURES......Page 219
12.6 PRELIMINARY FIELD PROCEDURES......Page 220
13.3 FAN TESTING......Page 225
13.5 RETURN AND OUTSIDE AIR SETTINGS......Page 226
13.9 PERCENTAGE OF DESIGN AIRFLOW......Page 227
FIGURE 13-1 SAMPLE SUPPLY AIR DUCT (PART)......Page 228
13.12 STEPWISE METHOD......Page 229
13.17 FAN DRIVE ADJUSTMENT......Page 230
13.21 FUME HOOD EXHAUST BALANCING PROCEDURES......Page 231
13.22 DUST COLLECTION AND EXHAUST BALANCING PROCEDURES......Page 232
FIGURE 13-5 SAMPLE DUST COLLECTION EXHAUST SYSTEM......Page 233
13.23 AIR FLOW MEASUREMENTS ON DISCHARGE STACKS......Page 235
13.25 SELECTION OF INSTRUMENTS......Page 236
FIGURE 14-1 TYPICAL VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV) SYSTEM......Page 241
FIGURE 14-2 OPEN LOOP FAN VOLUME CONTROL......Page 242
FIGURE 14-3 CLOSED LOOP FAN VOLUME CONTROL......Page 243
FIGURE 14-5 FAN AND SYSTEM CURVES, VARIABLE SPEED FAN......Page 244
FIGURE 14-8 PAPER STRIP AT VAV BOX RETURN BEFORE BALANCING......Page 249
FIGURE 14-9 PAPER STRIP AT VAV BOX AFTER BALANCING......Page 250
FIGURE 14-10 CONSTANT FAN VAV BOX......Page 252
14.3 MULTI-ZONE SYSTEMS......Page 253
FIGURE 14-12 MULTI-ZONE SYSTEM......Page 254
FIGURE 14-13 DUAL DUCT SYSTEM......Page 255
FIGURE 14-14 INDUCTION UNIT SYSTEM......Page 256
14.7 PROCESS EXHAUST AIR SYSTEMS......Page 257
FIGURE 15-1 HYDRONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 261
FIGURE 15-3 ULTRASONIC FLOW METER......Page 262
15.2 BASIC HYDRONIC SYSTEM PROCEDURES......Page 263
15.3 PIPING SYSTEM BALANCING......Page 264
15.4 BALANCING SPECIFIC SYSTEMS......Page 265
FIGURE 15-5 PERCENT VARIATION TO MAINTAIN 90% TERMINAL HEAT TRANSFER......Page 269
FIGURE 15-6 CHILLED WATER TERMI-NAL FLOW VERSUS HEAT TRANSFER......Page 270
15.7 SUMMER-WINTER SYSTEMS......Page 271
FIGURE 15-8 EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PUMPING CIRCUITS......Page 272
FIGURE 15-9 SUMMER-WINTER SYSTEMS......Page 273
Fan Test Report—TAB 6-02......Page 277
Cooling Tower or Evaporative Condenser Test Report—TAB 15-02......Page 278
Instrument Calibration Report— TAB 20-02......Page 279
TAB 1-02......Page 280
TAB 2-02......Page 281
TAB 3-02......Page 282
TAB 4-02......Page 283
TAB 5-02......Page 284
TAB 6-02......Page 285
TAB 7-02......Page 286
TAB 7-02 (Cont.)......Page 287
TAB 8-02......Page 288
TAB 8-02 (Cont.)......Page 289
TAB 9A-02......Page 290
TAB 9B-02......Page 291
TAB 9C-02......Page 292
TAB 10-02......Page 293
TAB 11-02......Page 294
TAB 12-02......Page 295
TAB 13-02......Page 296
TAB 14-02......Page 297
TAB 15-02......Page 298
TAB 16-02......Page 299
TAB 17-02......Page 300
TAB 18-02......Page 301
TAB 19-02......Page 302
TAB 20-02......Page 303
FIGURE A-1 DUCT FRICTION LOSS CHART (I-P)......Page 307
FIGURE A-2 DUCT FRICTION LOSS CHART (SI)......Page 308
Table A-1 Duct Material Roughness Factors......Page 309
FIGURE A-3 DUCT FRICTION LOSS CORRECTION FACTORS......Page 310
Table A-2 Circulation Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity (I-P) (2) Dimensions in Inches......Page 311
Table A-2 Circulation Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts (continued)......Page 312
Table A-3 Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity (SI) (2) Dimensions in mm......Page 313
Table A-3 Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity (SI) (2) Dimensions in mm (continued)......Page 314
FIGURE A-4 VELOCITIES/VELOCITY PRESSURES (I-P)......Page 315
Table A-6 Angular Conversion......Page 316
FIGURE A-5 AIR DENSITY FRICTION CHART CORRECTION FACTORS......Page 317
Table A-8 Recommended Criteria for Louver Sizing......Page 318
Table A-9 Typical Design Velocities for Duct Components......Page 319
Table A-10 Elbow Loss Coefficients......Page 320
Table A-10 Elbow Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 321
Table A-10 Elbow Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 322
Table A-11 Transition Loss Coefficients......Page 323
Table A-11 Transition Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 324
Table A-12 Rectangular Branch Connection Loss Coefficients......Page 325
Table A-12 Rectangular Branch Connection Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 326
Table A-12 Rectangular Branch Connection Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 327
Table A-12 Rectangular Branch Connection Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 328
Table A-13 Round Branch Connection Loss Coefficients......Page 329
Table A-13 Round Branch Connection Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 330
Table A-13 Round Branch Connection Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 331
Table A-13 Round Branch Connection Loss Coefficients (continued)......Page 332
Table A-14 Miscellaneous Fitting Coefficients......Page 333
Table A-14 Miscellaneous Fitting Coefficients (continued)......Page 334
Table A-14 Miscellaneous Fitting Coefficients (continued)......Page 335
Table A-14 Miscellaneous Fitting Coefficients (continued)......Page 336
Air Equations (I-P)......Page 337
Hydronic Equivalents (I-P)......Page 338
Table A-15 Converting Pressure In Inches of Mercury to Feet of Water at Various Water Temperatures......Page 339
Table A-16 Air Density Correction Factors (I-P)......Page 340
Air Equations (SI)......Page 341
Hydronic Equations (SI)......Page 342
Table A-17 Air Density Correction Factors (SI)......Page 344
Table A-18 SI Units (Basic and Derived)......Page 345
Table A-19 SI Equivalents......Page 346
Table A-20 Sound Design Equations......Page 347
Table A-20 Sound Design Equations (continued)......Page 348
FIGURE A-7 ELBOW EQUIVALENTS OF TEES AT VARIOUS FLOW CONDITIONS......Page 349
Table A-25 Properties of Saturated Steam (SI)......Page 350
Table A-27 Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches for Steam and Condensate Flowing in Opposite Directions......Page 351
Table A-29 Length in Feet of Pipe to be Added to Actual Length of Run — Owing to Fittings — to Obtain Equivalent Length......Page 352
Table A-30 Steam Pipe Capacities for Low Pressure Systems (For Use on One-Pipe Systems or Two-Pipe Systems in which Condensate Flows Against the Steam Flow)......Page 353
Table A-31 Return Main and Riser Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems—Pounds per Hour......Page 354
Table A-33 Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches for Steam and Condensate Flowing in Opposite Directions......Page 355
Table A-34 Equivalent Length of Fittings to be Added to Pipe Run......Page 356
Table A-35 Steam Pipe Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems......Page 357
Table A-36 Return Main and Riser Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems — kg/h......Page 358
Sample Specification for Testing, Adjusting and Balancing......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 360
-A -......Page 363
-B -......Page 365
-C -......Page 366
-D -......Page 370
-E -......Page 372
-F -......Page 373
-H -......Page 376
-I -......Page 378
-L -......Page 379
-M -......Page 380
-N -......Page 381
-O -......Page 382
-P -......Page 383
-R -......Page 386
-S -......Page 387
-T -......Page 392
-V -......Page 394
-W -......Page 395
-Z -......Page 396
INDEX......Page 399