Human Rights and the Ethics of Globalization

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Prologue......Page 11
Part I Philosophical Foundations......Page 19
Roots in Antiquity......Page 21
From Natural Law to Natural Rights......Page 23
Ontological and Epistemological Challenges......Page 26
The Nuremberg Trials......Page 33
Human Rights......Page 35
Natural Rights and Conferred Rights......Page 37
Inherent Relational Rights......Page 38
Negative Rights (Rights of Forbearance) and Positive Rights (Rights of Entitlement)......Page 39
Life, the Most Basic Right......Page 40
Is Surviving a Right of Entitlement?......Page 43
Liberty: Are There Limits?......Page 44
Some Conclusions......Page 46
2 Near Neighbors, Distant Neighbors, and the Ethics of Globalization......Page 53
Negative Rights and the Ethics of Globalization......Page 55
How Might Fair Trade Be Defined?......Page 58
Relational Rights and Our Near and Distant Neighbors......Page 61
Concentric Circles of Responsibility......Page 64
More than Rights......Page 66
Living in Community and Being a Neighbor......Page 69
Summing It All Up......Page 71
3 Constructing an Ethic for Business in an Age of Globalization......Page 73
What Is the Business of Business?......Page 74
Both Means and Ends......Page 77
Shareholders and Other Owners and Investors......Page 78
Customers......Page 81
Employees......Page 83
Suppliers......Page 89
Communities in Which Company Facilities Are Located......Page 91
Establishing Priorities......Page 94
A Final Matter to Be Noted......Page 96
Summing It All Up......Page 97
Part II Practical Applications......Page 99
4 Human rights and the Ethics of investment in china......Page 101
Human Rights in China......Page 102
Reproductive Rights......Page 105
Religious Freedom......Page 108
Workers’ Rights......Page 112
Identifying an Ethical Framework for International Investment......Page 121
The Sullivan Principles......Page 122
Adapting the Sullivan Principles to China......Page 125
Supplier Codes of Conduct......Page 126
Monitoring Compliance......Page 128
Some Concluding Considerations......Page 130
5 Liberia and Firestone......Page 133
From Tenuous Beginnings to Independence......Page 134
Americo-Liberians and the Indigenous Population......Page 136
Firestone Comes to Liberia......Page 138
Firestone’s Labor Practices......Page 140
The Loan Crisis of 1933......Page 141
Troubled Times......Page 142
From Coup D’État to Civil War......Page 144
Human Rights in Liberia Today......Page 149
Firestone in Liberia Today......Page 153
Summing It All Up......Page 158
6 Free Trade, Fair Trade, and Coffee Farmers in Ethiopia......Page 160
A Trade Agreement?......Page 162
International Coffee Agreements (ICAs)......Page 163
Searching for Solutions......Page 164
Strengthening Market Position......Page 165
Trademarking......Page 167
Appealing to Moral Sentiments......Page 171
Summing It All Up......Page 175
7 Maquiladoras......Page 177
Decline…......Page 182
… And Recovery......Page 183
Transportation Costs......Page 185
A New Era......Page 186
An Uncertain Future......Page 187
NAFTA: Some Additional Observations......Page 188
The Ethics of Plant Relocation......Page 196
Exploitation......Page 199
Environmental Hazards......Page 203
Discrimination and Violence Directed 
toward Women......Page 204
Labor Unions......Page 207
More Enlightened Employment Practices......Page 209
A Contrasting View......Page 210
A Case To Be Made for Sweatshops?......Page 212
Summing It All Up......Page 215
Part III The Challenge of Enforcement......Page 217
8 Possibilities and Problems......Page 219
A World Political Authority?......Page 221
Extraterritoriality?......Page 222
Trade Sanctions and Travel Restrictions?......Page 225
International Agreements?......Page 226
Summing It All Up......Page 227
9 U.S. Multinational Corporations and the Alien Tort Claims Act......Page 228
The Law of Nations......Page 230
jus cogens Norms......Page 231
Violations of International Law that Do Not Involve State Action......Page 232
Evolution of the Law of Nations......Page 233
Grounds for Dismissal......Page 237
Forum Non Conveniens......Page 238
International Comity......Page 241
Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction......Page 242
Act of State Doctrine......Page 243
The Political Question Doctrine......Page 244
Filártiga v. Pena-Irala......Page 245
Kadic v. Karadzic......Page 246
John Doe I v. Unocal Corporation......Page 247
The Bush Administration and the Alien Tort Claim Act......Page 248
Environmental Cases Filed under the Alien Tort Claims Act......Page 249
Aguinda v. Texaco, Inc.......Page 250
Flores v. Southern Peru Copper Corporation......Page 251
Beanal v. Freeport-McMoran Copper and Gold, Inc.......Page 252
Sarei v. Rio Tinto, PLC......Page 253
Taking Stock of the Current Situation......Page 255
A Right to a Healthy Environment?......Page 256
A Kernel of Consensus......Page 258
Summing It All Up......Page 261
Epilogue......Page 265
Select Bibliography......Page 271
Index......Page 277