Human Medical Thermography

Cover\nHalf Title\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nDedication\nCONTENTS\nAbout the Authors\nIntroduction to Human Medical Thermography\n1. A History of Thermology and Thermography\n	The emergence of infrared imaging\n	The emergence of breast thermography\n2. The Physics of Human Thermography\n	The basics of heat transfer and radiative thermometry\n	The physical laws of thermology\n	Biothermal radiation dynamics\n	Summing up the physical principles of human thermography\n3. Thermal Imager Fundamentals\n	Sensors used in modern infrared thermography\n	Imager sensitivity and thermoelectric noise\n	Spatial resolution of infrared imagers\n	Focusing the imager: Manual vs. automatic\n	Physical considerations in choosing a thermal imager\n	Handheld imagers\n	Fixed-position imagers\n	Software considerations in choosing a thermal imager\n	Radiometric files and images\n	Non-radiometric thermal images\n	Thermal image transfer\n	Standard imager care tips\n4. Verifying Thermal Imager Calibration\n	Procedures for verifying thermal calibration of an imager\n	Measuring temperature offset and image flatness at room temperature\n	Bucket calibration\n	Using a laboratory blackbody calibrator\n	Calibrating the calibration thermometers\n5. Thermal Physiology and Thermoregulation\n	Blood circulation and thermal dynamics\n	Physiology of whole-body temperature regulation\n	Skin blood flow and thermoregulation\n	The role of dermal arteriovenous shunts\n	Nitric oxide and skin circulation\n	Nitric oxide and human pathology\n	Heat generation by brown adipose tissue\n	Sympathetic anatomy and skin temperature\n	Thermal appearance of the vascular system\n	The thermal appearance of muscles and tendons\n	Factors that affect thermographic appearance\n	Thermal effects of alcohol and drugs\n	Physiology of the cold stress challenge\n	Dietary influences on skin temperature\n	Physiology of the hot flash\n	Physiology of the blush\n6. Environmental Conditions and Patient Preparation\n	Design of the thermography room\n	Temperature and air conditioning requirements\n	Factors supporting the patient’s comfort\n	The equilibration period\n	The three thermography equilibration temperatures\n	Positions for temperature equilibration and imaging\n	Pre-thermography patient instructions\n	Suggestions for a successful thermographic exam\n7. Formatting and Analysis of Thermal Images\n	Three types of thermographic evaluation and interpretation\n	Qualitative and quantitative analyses in thermography\n	Qualitative thermographic analysis\n	Image display palettes\n	Formatting the image for qualitative interpretation\n	Full-Span color scale technique\n	Adjusting the full-span color scale\n	Fixed-Span display technique\n	Quantitative thermographic analysis\n	Differential temperature measurements\n8. Thermography Report Generation\n	Generation of the examination report\n	Types of reports\n	Quality control to assure accurate reports\n	Post-imaging follow-up procedures\n9. Breast Thermography\n	Potential roles of breast thermography\n	Early breast cancer detection\n	Risk-based assessment for guiding prevention\n	Monitoring disease progression after DCIS\n	Assessment of disease potential and prognosis\n	Post-operative monitoring for local and regional recurrences\n	Artificial intelligence in thermal BrCA detection\n	The anatomic and pathologic basis of breast thermography\n	Lymphatic inflammation\n	Venous dilation and proliferation\n	Nitric oxide “blush”\n	Inflammatory breast cancer\n	Breast cysts\n	Interpretation and classification of thermal breast findings\n	Abnormal signs with the V-M infrared grading Scale\n	V-M thermography conditions\n	Breast thermography procedure\n	Scheduling a breast health exam\n	Arrival and labs\n	History taking\n	The equilibration period\n	Standing equilibration\n	Sitting equilibration\n	Supine equilibration\n	Prone equilibration\n	The imaging procedure\n	Cold challenge stress testing\n	Image quality check\n	Thermography results and follow-up\n	Breast thermography artifacts\n	Chronic radial inflammation of the breast (CRIB)\n	Nipple de-enervation artifact\n	Underwire bra pressure neuropathy\n	Intertrigo\n	Glomus AVA dilation effects\n	Breast trauma and ecchymosis\n	Post-radiation treatment artifact\n	Escharotic treatment artifact\n	Artifact from breast creams and gels\n	Other breast artifacts\n10. General Thermography\n	Skin findings in thermography\n	Tattoos\n	Bruises\n	Insect bites\n	Stings\n	Snake bites\n	Skin infections\n	Moles, warts, and other benign neoplasms\n	Other thermographic skin findings\n	Thermography of the head and face\n	Facial fever detection and screening\n	Thermography of the neck\n	Other thermographic neck findings\n	Thermography of the upper extremity and hand\n	Thermography of the chest and thorax\n	Thermography of the abdomen\n	Thermography of the back and spine\n	Genital findings in thermography\n	Thermography of the lower extremity\n	Thermography of the feet\n	Thermal artifacts\n11. Thermography by Specialty\n	Orthopedic and sports thermography\n	Thermography in rheumatology\n	Ophthalmic thermography\n	Thermography in neurology\n	Thermography of the arterial system\n	Thermography of the venous system\n	Thermography of the lymphatic system\n	Thermography in allergy testing\n	Thermography in acupuncture and TENS\n	Thermography in the practice of surgery\n12. Future Developments in Human Thermography\n	Hardware\n	Software\n	Ongoing Tasks\n	Future research\n	Conclusion\n13. An Atlas of Normal Human Thermography\nAppendix I – List of Abbreviations\nAppendix II – Infrared Imager Specifications for Medical Thermography\nIndex