Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture , Ninth Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright Page......Page 8
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Human Geography......Page 9
WHAT IS HUMAN GEOGRAPHY?......Page 16
Maps in the Time of Cholera Pandemics......Page 17
The Spatial Perspective......Page 19
Mental Maps......Page 24
Generalization in Maps......Page 25
Remote Sensing and GIS......Page 27
WHY ARE GEOGRAPHERS CONCERNED WITH SCALE AND CONNECTEDNESS?......Page 30
Regions......Page 33
Connectedness through Diffusion......Page 37
Rejection of Environmental Determinism......Page 40
Today’s Human Geography......Page 41
Summary......Page 42
CHAPTER 2: Population......Page 44
WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY?......Page 48
Population Distribution......Page 49
World Population Distribution and Density......Page 50
WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN PARTICULAR PLACES?......Page 54
Population Growth at World, Regional, National, and Local Scales......Page 55
The Demographic Transition......Page 61
WHY DOES POPULATION COMPOSITION MATTER?......Page 65
Infant Mortality......Page 67
Child Mortality......Page 70
Infectious Diseases......Page 71
Chronic and Genetic Diseases......Page 75
AIDS......Page 76
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?......Page 78
Limitations......Page 80
Contradictions......Page 81
Summary......Page 82
CHAPTER 3: Migration......Page 84
Periodic Movement......Page 88
Migration......Page 89
Forced Migration......Page 91
Push and Pull Factors in Voluntary Migration......Page 92
Types of Push and Pull Factors......Page 93
WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?......Page 96
Regional Migration Flows......Page 97
National Migration Flows......Page 102
Guest Workers......Page 104
Refugees......Page 105
Waves of Immigration in the United States......Page 111
Post–September 11......Page 113
Summary......Page 116
CHAPTER 4: Local Culture, Popular Culture, and Cultural Landscapes......Page 118
WHAT ARE LOCAL AND POPULARCULTURES?......Page 120
HOW ARE LOCAL CULTURES SUSTAINED?......Page 122
Rural Local Cultures......Page 123
Urban Local Cultures......Page 127
Authenticity of Places......Page 128
HOW IS POPULAR CULTURE DIFFUSED?......Page 132
Hearths of Popular Culture......Page 133
Replacing Old Hearths with New: Beating Out the Big Three in Popular Sports......Page 136
Stemming the Tide of Popular Culture—Losing the Local?......Page 138
HOW CAN LOCAL AND POPULAR CULTURES BE SEEN IN THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?......Page 139
Cultural Landscapes of Local Cultures......Page 143
Summary......Page 146
CHAPTER 5: Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality......Page 147
Race......Page 149
Residential Segregation......Page 151
The Scale of New York City......Page 154
Ethnicity and Place......Page 157
Identity and Space......Page 159
Just Who Counts?......Page 161
Vulnerable Populations......Page 163
Women in Subsaharan Africa......Page 165
Dowry Deaths in India......Page 166
Shifting Power Relationships among Ethnic Groups......Page 167
Summary......Page 170
CHAPTER 6: Language......Page 172
Language and Culture......Page 176
Dialects......Page 180
WHY ARE LANGUAGES DISTRIBUTED THE WAY THEY ARE?......Page 182
Language Formation......Page 184
The Languages of Europe......Page 189
Languages of Subsaharan Africa......Page 190
Lingua Franca......Page 192
Multilingualism......Page 193
Official Languages......Page 194
WHAT ROLE DOES LANGUAGE PLAY IN MAKING PLACES?......Page 195
Changing Toponyms......Page 196
Summary......Page 200
CHAPTER 7: Religion......Page 201
WHAT IS RELIGION, AND WHAT ROLE DOES IT PLAY IN CULTURE?......Page 203
WHERE DID THE MAJOR RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD ORIGINATE, AND HOW DO RELIGIONS DIFFUSE?......Page 205
The World Map of Religions Today......Page 206
From the Hearth of South Asia......Page 208
From the Hearth of the Huang He River Valley......Page 211
From the Hearth of the Eastern Mediterranean......Page 213
HOW IS RELIGION SEEN IN THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?......Page 220
Sacred Sites of Jerusalem......Page 222
Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism......Page 223
Landscapes of Christianity......Page 226
Landscapes of Islam......Page 228
WHAT ROLE DOES RELIGION PLAY IN POLITICAL CONFLICTS?......Page 231
Israel and Palestine......Page 232
The Horn of Africa......Page 234
The Former Yugoslavia......Page 236
Northern Ireland......Page 237
Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism......Page 240
Summary......Page 243
CHAPTER 8: Political Geography......Page 245
HOW IS SPACE POLITICALLY ORGANIZED INTO STATES AND NATIONS?......Page 248
Nations......Page 249
Nation-State......Page 251
Multistate Nations, Multinational States, and Stateless Nations......Page 253
European Colonialism and the Diffusion of the Nation-State Model......Page 254
Construction of the Capitalist World Economy......Page 255
World-Systems and Political Power......Page 259
Form of Government......Page 260
Devolution......Page 261
Electoral Geography......Page 266
HOW ARE BOUNDARIES ESTABLISHED, AND WHY DO BOUNDARY DISPUTES OCCUR?......Page 267
Boundary Disputes......Page 269
The British/American School......Page 270
Critical Geopolitics......Page 271
Geopolitical World Order......Page 272
From League of Nations to United Nations......Page 273
Regional Supranational Organizations......Page 276
The European Union......Page 277
How Does Supranationalism Affect the State?......Page 278
Summary......Page 280
CHAPTER\n 9: Urban Geography......Page 282
WHEN AND WHY DID PEOPLE START LIVING IN CITIES?......Page 284
The Hearths of Urbanization......Page 285
The Role of the Ancient City in Society......Page 290
Greek Cities......Page 292
Roman Cities......Page 293
Site and Situation during European Exploration......Page 295
The Second Urban Revolution......Page 296
WHERE ARE CITIES LOCATED AND WHY?......Page 298
Hexagonal Hinterlands......Page 300
Central Places Today......Page 301
Models of the City......Page 302
Modeling the North American City......Page 303
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery......Page 304
The Latin American City......Page 305
The African City......Page 306
The Southeast Asian City......Page 307
HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE CITIES?......Page 308
Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery......Page 310
Making Cities in the Global Core......Page 312
Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism......Page 314
Gated Communities......Page 316
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the European City......Page 318
Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Peripheryand Semiperiphery City......Page 320
WHAT ROLE DO CITIES PLAYIN GLOBALIZATION?......Page 323
Cities as Spaces of Consumption......Page 324
Summary......Page 325
CHAPTER 10: Development......Page 327
Gross National Income......Page 329
Development Models......Page 331
Dependency Theory......Page 334
Geography and Context......Page 335
Barriers to Economic Development......Page 336
Costs of Economic Development......Page 346
HOW DO POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS INFLUENCE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT WITHIN STATES?......Page 350
The Role of Governments......Page 351
Islands of Development......Page 352
Creating Growth in the Periphery of the Periphery......Page 353
Summary......Page 355
CHAPTER 11: Agriculture......Page 357
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE, AND WHERE DID AGRICULTURE BEGIN?......Page 360
The First Agricultural Revolution......Page 361
Domestication of Animals......Page 363
Hunter-Gatherers in the Modern World......Page 365
Subsistence Agriculture in the Modern World......Page 366
HOW DID AGRICULTURE CHANGE WITH INDUSTRIALIZATION?......Page 368
Understanding the Spatial Layout of Agriculture......Page 369
The Third Agricultural Revolution......Page 370
Regional and Local Change......Page 371
WHAT IMPRINT DOES AGRICULTURE MAKE ON THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?......Page 372
Villages......Page 374
Functional Differentiation Within Villages......Page 376
WHAT IS THE GLOBAL PATTERN OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRIBUSINESS?......Page 378
The World Map of Agriculture......Page 379
Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of Agriculture......Page 386
Loss of Productive Farmland......Page 387
Summary......Page 389
CHAPTER 12: Industry and Services......Page 390
The Industrial Revolution......Page 392
Diffusion to Mainland Europe......Page 395
HOW DO LOCATION THEORIES EXPLAIN INDUSTRIAL LOCATION?......Page 396
Hotelling’s Model......Page 397
Major Industrial Regions of the World before 1950......Page 398
HOW HAS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CHANGED?......Page 406
New Influences on the Geography of Manufacturing......Page 407
Eastern China......Page 410
WHAT IS THE SERVICE ECONOMY, AND WHERE ARE SERVICES CONCENTRATED?......Page 412
Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy......Page 413
High-Technology Corridors......Page 415
Summary......Page 416
CHAPTER 13: Human Environment......Page 418
Ocean and Atmosphere......Page 421
Fire and Ice......Page 422
The Little Ice Age in the Modern Era......Page 424
HOW HAVE HUMANS IMPACTED EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT?......Page 426
Water......Page 427
Atmosphere......Page 430
The Land......Page 431
Biodiversity......Page 434
Patterns of Consumption......Page 435
Transportation......Page 438
Biological Diversity......Page 443
Protection of the Ozone Layer......Page 444
Global Climate Change......Page 445
Summary......Page 447
CHAPTER 14: Globalization and the Geography of Networks......Page 449
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION, AND WHAT ROLE DO NETWORKS PLAY IN GLOBALIZATION?......Page 451
Networks......Page 452
Time–Space Compression......Page 453
Networks in Development......Page 456
Networks in Media......Page 457
HOW HAVE IDENTITIES CHANGED IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD?......Page 459
Personal Connectedness......Page 460
Summary......Page 462
APPENDIX A: Maps......Page 463
APPENDIX B: Area and Demographic Data for the World’s States......Page 472
Glossary......Page 481
References......Page 494
Index......Page 509