Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Development

Series Page
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Modeling Mammalian Gastrulation With Embryonic Stem Cells
	Introduction
	Mathematical Preliminaries
	Colony Architecture
		Growth in Two-Dimensional Micropatterns
		Three-Dimensional Culture Systems
	Spatial Patterning of Cell Fates
		Micropatterned Two-Dimensional Culture Systems
		Three-Dimensional Culture Systems
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
What Can Stem Cell Models Tell Us About Human Germ Cell Biology?
	Introduction
	Signaling for Germ Cell Specification in Mammalian Embryos
	Permissive Cell State for Germ Cell Specification in the Embryo
	Inducing Germline Competency in Pluripotent Stem Cells
	Transcription Factors for Human Germ Cell Specification and Epigenetic Resetting
	In Vitro Germ Cell Induction Beyond PGC Specification
	Misregulation of Germ Cell Development
		Germ Cell Tumors
		Inheritance of Epigenetic Mutations Through the Germline
		Inheritance of Mitochondria Through the Female Germline
	Perspective
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further Reading
From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cortical Circuits
	Introduction
	Conserved Features of Mammalian Corticogenesis
		Early Cortical/Telencephalic Induction: It Is All in the Beginning
		Cortical Neurogenesis: In Vitro Generation of a Complex Repertoire of Cortical Neurons
			Pyramidal Neurons
			Cortical Interneurons
	Cortical Organoids: Adding a New Dimension in Cortical Modeling
	Divergent Features of Corticogenesis
		Temporal Dynamics of Corticogenesis
		Progenitor Diversity
	Modeling Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders Striking the Human Cortex
		Primary Microcephaly
		Lissencephaly
		Macrocephaly
	Modeling Late Neurodevelopment of the Human Cortex
		Diseases Affecting Neuronal Maturation and Synapse Formation
		Evolution and Neoteny in the Human Cortex
	Conclusion and Perspective
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further Reading
Studying the Brain in a Dish: 3D Cell Culture Models of Human Brain Development and Disease
	Introduction
	Directed Differentiation of Human CNS Cell Types From iPSCs
		Making Brain Cells in 2D
		3D Human Brain Models: Patterned and Unpatterned Models
	Future Prospects for Improved 3D Brain Models
	Modeling Neuropsychiatric Disease In Vitro
	2D and 3D Models of Neuropsychiatric Disease
	Conclusions
	References
The Long Road to Making Muscle In Vitro
	Overview of Muscle Development
	Sox2+/T+ Neuromesodermal Progenitors (NMPs) Represent the First Step in Myogenic Differentiation In Vitro
	PSM Formation From NMPs
	Crossing the Determination Front
	Induced PM Cells Drift to a Lateral Plate Fate in Absence of BMP Inhibition
	Recapitulation of Myogenesis In Vitro
	Generation of the Pax7+ Myogenic Lineage In Vitro
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Recapitulating and Deciphering Human Pancreas Development From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Dish
	Introduction
	Endoderm Induction and Patterning
	Pancreatic Endoderm Induction and Maintenance
	Pancreas Expansion
	Emergence of an Exocrine Gland: Formation of Branches and Segregation of the Acinar Lineage
	Endocrine Specification Through a Transient NEUROG3+ State
	Launching the Endocrine Program Downstream of NEUROG3
	Differentiating the Five Endocrine Subtypes
	From the Production of Endocrine Cell Types From PSCs to Therapies
	Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References